Exam 1

Question 1

What are the six steps of the scientific method?

Answer 1

question, hypothesis, test, results, conclusions, share

Question 2

What are the five main research designs?

Answer 2

observational research, case studies, surveys, correlational designs, and experiments

Question 3

What two forms can research take?

Answer 3

quantitative and qualitative

Question 4

What is quantitative research?

Answer 4

focuses on numbers

Question 5

What is qualitative research?

Answer 5

focuses on words

Question 6

Psychology focuses on what form of research?

Answer 6

quantitative research

Question 7

What is naturalistic observation?

Answer 7

research that studies human or animal behavior in its natural environment

Question 8

What is structured observation?

Answer 8

researchers observe people or animals in a lab setting

Question 9

What is an advantage of structured observation?

Answer 9

the experimenter can for more extraneous variables and save time

Question 10

What are case studies?

Answer 10

research on one person or a small group based on careful observation

Question 11

What’s an advantage of case studies?

Answer 11

you receive a good description of the behavior being investigated in one or two individuals

Question 12

What’s a disadvantage of case studies?

Answer 12

what you’re learning may be unrepresentative of the larger population, which makes it lack generalizability

Question 13

What is a survey?

Answer 13

a questionnaire consisting of at least one scale with some number of questions to assess a psychological construct of interest

Question 14

What is correlational research?

Answer 14

examining the relationship between two variables or two groups of variables

Question 15

What is a correlational coefficient?

Answer 15

the strength of a relationship measured numerically

Question 16

What does it mean if a correlational coefficient is -1.00?

Answer 16

as one variable goes up the other goes down

Question 17

What does it mean if a correlational coefficient is 0?

Answer 17

there is no relationship at all

Question 18

What does it mean if a correlational coefficient is +1.00?

Answer 18

as one variable goes up or down, so does the other = a perfect relationship

Question 19

What is an experiment?

Answer 19

a controlled test of a hypothesis in which a researcher manipulates one variable and measures its effects on another variable

Question 20

What is an independent variable?

Answer 20

the variable that is manipulated

Question 21

What is a dependent variable?

Answer 21

the variable that is measured

Question 22

What is a control group?

Answer 22

a group that is not manipulated

Question 23

What is an experimental group?

Answer 23

a group that is manipulated

Question 24

What is random assignment?

Answer 24

participants have an equal chance of being in the control or experimental group

Question 25

What is multi-method research?

Answer 25

employing several research approaches at different stages of the research process

Question 26

What is a meta-analysis?

Answer 26

a statistical procedure that allows a researcher to combine data from more than one study

Question 27

What is reliability?

Answer 27

describes how consistent a measure is

Question 28

What is test-retest reliability?

Answer 28

how reliable a measure is across time

Question 29

What is inter-rater reliability?

Answer 29

the consistency of results between different observers

Question 30

What is validity?

Answer 30

a measure is considered valid if its scores represent the variable it is said to measure

Question 31

What is a confound?

Answer 31

when a factor other than the independent variable leads to changes in the dependent variable

Question 32

Where can bias occur in stages of research?

Answer 32

any stage of research

Question 33

What is categorical in research?

Answer 33

categories

Question 34

What is continuous in research?

Answer 34

a spectrum

Question 35

What is operationalization?

Answer 35

taking a concept and turning it into a variable that can be measured

Question 36

What is a demographic?

Answer 36

social identities that you carry

Question 37

What does conflated mean in research?

Answer 37

to combine things into one

Question 38

What does fluid mean?

Answer 38

change

Question 39

What is performative perspective?

Answer 39

the idea that gender is a performance

Question 40

What does implicit mean?

Answer 40

unconscious / internal

Question 41

What does explicit mean?

Answer 41

external / you're aware

Question 42

What does discriminate mean?

Answer 42

favoring one over the other

Question 43

What does othering mean?

Answer 43

When you don't fit the norm, you're considered "other"

Question 44

What does intersex mean?

Answer 44

when someone is born with different variations based on hormones, genetics, and genitalia

Question 45

What is an assigned gender at birth?

Answer 45

the gender you're given at birth based on your genitalia

Question 46

What does transgender mean?

Answer 46

when the assigned gender at birth does not match the current gender

Question 47

What does cisgender mean?

Answer 47

assigned gender at birth corresponds with current gender

Question 48

What is sex (older definition)?

Answer 48

classification of individuals as female or male based on genetic makeup, anatomy, and reproductive functions

Question 49

What are sex roles?

Answer 49

culturally prescribed sets of behaviors for males and females

Question 50

What are gender roles?

Answer 50

cultural beliefs applied to individuals on the basis of their socially assigned sex

Question 51

What is intersexuality?

Answer 51

number of specific variations on the theme of biological sex

Question 52

Why is the relationship between sex and gender complex?

Answer 52

it's part biology and part social construction

Question 53

What does androcentric mean?

Answer 53

male centered/focused

Question 54

Who projects gender onto kids the most?

Answer 54

parents

Question 55

What is anticipatory socialization?

Answer 55

language used to talk to the fetus changes after the ultrasound

Question 56

What influences the way adults and others socialize children?

Answer 56

sex assigned at birth

Question 57

How do we learn how to do gender?

Answer 57

we observe others and copy (social learning theory)

Question 58

What is reinforcement?

Answer 58

response following a behavior that increases the behavior (ex: praise, attention)

Question 59

What is punishment?

Answer 59

response following a behavior that decreases the behavior (ex: scolding, ignoring)

Question 60

Children gain awareness of gender distinction when?

Answer 60

as early as 2-3 years old

Question 61

What type of skills are developed with building sets?

Answer 61

spatial skills

Question 62

What type of skills are developed playing with dolls?

Answer 62

conversation and playacting

Question 63

What is symbolic annihilation?

Answer 63

when we don't see people like us in the media, we later infer that we must be unimportant and not important in society

Question 64

What is an apriori?

Answer 64

the assumptions that come before the rest of the assessment, argument, or analysis

Question 65

What is cognitive development theory?

Answer 65

children's understanding of gender progresses as they mature

Question 66

What is gender schema theory?

Answer 66

mental frameworks of info about gender guide how we interpret, process, and remember gender-relevant info

Question 67

What is gender-self socialization model?

Answer 67

children form gender identity, stereotypes, and self-views which vary in strength

Question 68

What percentage of children describe themselves as trans, gender fluid, or nonbinary?

Answer 68

up to 3%

Question 69

Evidence suggests what about trans children's identities?

Answer 69

trans children's identities match cis children's identities