Exam 1

Question 1

Exocrine Glands

Answer 1

• have a duct
• release into cavity or surface of skin
• oil, sweat, mammary glands, salivary glands, goblet cells
• multicellular glands with a secretory duct

Question 2

Endocrine Glands

Answer 2

• No duct
• Make hormones
• Secrete into blood stream
• Pituitary, pancreas, adrenal, ovary

Question 3

Serous Membranes

Answer 3

• line closed cavities and cover the organs in those cavities
• composed of a layer of simple squamous supported by areolar CT that helps to attatch the membrane to structures
• consists of a parietal portion and visceral portion
• produce a thin water serous fluid
• reduces friction between internal organs their neighboring organs

Question 4

Major Serous membranes

Answer 4

• pleura : thoracic cavity and lung
• pericardium : form the sac that surrounds the heart and covers the surface of the heart
• peritoneum : abdominopelvic cavity,

Question 5

Mucous membranes

Answer 5

• lines the tracts that open to the outside of the body: digestive, respiratory, urniary
  4 layers:
  Layer (1) : epithial tissue
• stratified squamous
• simple columnar
• pseudostratified columnar
• transitional
  Layer (2): basement membrane (reticular CT)

Layer (3): layer of areolar CT called the lamina propria that provides support

Layer (4 outer layer): smooth muscle called muscularis mucosa

Question 6

Synovial Membranes

Answer 6

• line joint capsules of freely movable synovial joints
• consists of areolar and adipose CT
• lubricates and provides nutrition to joint cartilage

Question 7

Function of cutaneous membrane :

Answer 7

1. sensation
2. protection
3. thermoregulation
4. secretion (oil and sweat)
5. synthesis of vitamin Dn

Question 8

Glands are usually associated with cuboid (and some columnar)

T or F?

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Stratum Spinosum contains?

Answer 9

Keratinocytes unified by desmosomes.
- contains star shped Langerhans cells that form a continuous network among the keratinocytes

Question 10

Stratum granulosum contains?

Answer 10

Three to five layers of flattened cells

• significant keratinization begins
• cells lose their nuclei become compact and begin to die

Question 11

Stratum Lucidum is only for?

Answer 11

Thick skin
- pams and soles of feet

Question 12

Stratum corneum contains?

Answer 12

most outer layer
- dead keratinocytes
- cells are filled with keratin
- replaced by cells migrating to the surface from the stratum germinactivum
- desmosomes are present

Question 13

papillary layer is for?

Answer 13

folds in fingerprintt patterns
- contains areolar connective tissue
- contains blood and lymp vessels

Question 14

Reticular layer is for?

Answer 14

accounts for 80% dermis
- consists dense irregularCT
- forms the lines of cleavage
- gives strength , resilinecy and binds water

Question 15

Superficial fascia

Answer 15

deep to the skin
- consists of areolar CT that helps to anchor the skin to the underlying tissues and adipose tissue to act as insulation and shock absorption

Question 16

Deep fascia

Answer 16

• most extensive fascia located deep to the superficial fascia
• consists dense irregular CT that forms capsules around muscles and group muscles.

Question 17

Control of bone growth formation : VITAMIN D

Answer 17

needed for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the digestive tract to generate hydroxyappetite to ossify bones

Rickets (occurs in children)
- characterized by deformed legs, ribs, sternum
- teeth fail to form
- cured by vitamin D and calcium intake with sun exposure

Osteomalacia (adults)
- bones undergo decalcification and become soft and week

Question 18

Vitamin C

Answer 18

synthesis of collagen

Question 19

Vitamin A

Answer 19

needed for the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Question 20

Growth hormone

Answer 20

• produced in the pituitary gland
• stimulates mitosis of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate resulting in bone growth in length

Excessive growth hormone:
- gigantism : before puberty
- acromegaly : after puberty

Question 21

Growth hormone deficiency

Answer 21

Pituitary dwarf
- deficiency occurs before puberty
- too little growth occurs before ossificaiton of the epiphyseal plate resulting in a person of a very small stature but with normal porpotions

Question 22

Thyroxine (T4)

Answer 22

produced by the thyroid gland
- moderates the production of growth hormone
- too little thyroxine results in too little growth hormone and reduced growth
- too much thyroxine results in too little growth hormone, early ossification of the epiphyseal plate, and reduced growth.

Question 23

parathyroid hormone

Answer 23

• produced parathyroid gland in response to LOW levels of blood calcium
• Raises blood calcium levels by
  1. stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone tissue
  2. making the kidneys conserve calcium
  3. indirectly increasing the absorption of calcium from the small intestine.

Question 24

Calcitonin

Answer 24

is produced by the thyroid gland in resopne to HIGH levles of blood

Lowers blood calcium levels by
1. inhibiting osteoclasts activity
2. increasing the excretion of calcium and phosphate.

Question 25

Serous membrane: Distinction Between Parietal and Visceral Layers:

Answer 25

Parietal Layer: Lines the cavity wall. Visceral Layer: Covers the organs themselves

Question 26

Layer of mucous membrane

Answer 26

Epithelial Layer: Varies by location (e.g., respiratory, gastrointestinal). Lamina Propria: Loose connective tissue. Muscularis Mucosae: A thin layer of smooth muscle. Submucosa: A layer of connective tissue containing blood vessels, nerves, and glands.

Question 27

Location of Langerhans cells

Answer 27

Stratum Spinosum Function: Langerhans cells are part of the immune system; they function as antigen-presenting cells that help recognize and fight pathogens that invade the skin.

Question 28

In stratum granulosum what do the keratinocytes do

Answer 28

keratinocytes begin to lose their organelles and undergo a process called keratinization, where they produce keratin and ultimately die.

Question 29

Layers of the dermis

Answer 29

papillary layer reticular layer

Question 30

The layer that generates fingerprints

Answer 30

papillary layer

Question 31

the layer that helps strength of the skin

Answer 31

reticular layer

Question 32

compact bone is tightly packed with?

Answer 32

osteons layers around a central canal

Question 33

Spongy bone contains?

Answer 33

yellow and red bone marrow

Question 34

osteons consists?

Answer 34

Central Canal : Contains blood vessels and nerves. Lamellae: Concentric layers of bone matrix surrounding the central canal. Lacunae: Small cavities between lamellae where osteocytes reside. Canaliculi: Tiny channels that connect lacunae and allow for the exchange of nutrients and waste between osteocytes and the central canal.

Question 35

Spaces Osteocytes Live In

Answer 35

Lacunae:

Question 36

how do osteocytes pass nutrients

Answer 36

Nutrient and Waste Exchange: Osteocytes use canaliculi to pass nutrients and waste products to and from the central canal and other osteocytes.

Question 37

Arches in Spongy Bone

Answer 37

Trabeculae:

Question 38

What bones do intramembranous ossification form?

Answer 38

flat bones (skull, cranial bones, clavicle)

Question 39

What bones do endochondral ossification form?

Answer 39

Long bones (femur, humerus, radius)

Question 40

How/what does intramembranous ossificaiton start off with?

Answer 40

dense irregular CT

Question 41

how does endochondral ossificaiton start off with?

Answer 41

hyaline cartilage

Question 42

What is the primary and secondary ossification in Endochondral ossification

Answer 42

- primary ossification: diaphysis of the long bone - secondary ossification: develops later in the epiphyses ends

Question 43

Bone growth in length:

Answer 43

interstitial growth

Question 44

Bone growth in width

Answer 44

appositional growth

Question 45

Sagittal plane

Answer 45

Divide body into right and left