Exam #1

Question 1

Smooth muscle

Answer 1

involuntary muscle, covering wall of internal organs

Question 2

Cardiac muscle

Answer 2

Involuntary, only covering walls of the heart

Question 3

Skeletal muscle

Answer 3

Voluntary, usually attached to skeleton

Question 4

Epimysium

Answer 4

outer connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle and functions to hold it together and give it shape

Question 5

Fascicle

Answer 5

bundles of fibers

Question 6

Perimysium

Answer 6

connective tissue sheath surrounding each fascicle

Question 7

Muscle fibers(cell)

Answer 7

muscle cells that are multinucleated

Question 8

Endomysium

Answer 8

sheath of connective tissue covers each muscle fiber

Question 9

Breakdown of Skeletal Muscle

Answer 9

1. Muscle
2. Epimysium
3. Fascicle
4. Perimysium
5. Muscle fibers
6. Endomysium
7. Myofibril

Question 10

Inside muscle fibers

Answer 10

1. Plasmalemma/Sarcolemma
2. Satellite cells
3. Sarcoplasm
4. Transverse Tubules (T-tubules)
5. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

Question 11

Sarcolemma

Answer 11

composed of plasmalemma and the basement membrane

Question 12

Satellite cells

Answer 12

located between the plasmalemma and the basement membrane. involved in the growth and development of skeletal muscle and in muscle’s adaptation

Question 13

Sarcoplasm

Answer 13

the fluid part of the muscle fiber. contains myoglobin and glycogen

Question 14

Transverse tubules (T-tubules)

Answer 14

• extensions of the plasmalemma
• allow nerve impulses to transmit to individual myofibrils
• allows substances to enter and exit the cell

Question 15

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

Answer 15

• parallel and loop around the myofibrils
• store calcium for muscle contraction

Question 16

Myofibrils

Answer 16

• thousands found in muscle fibers
• made up of the basic contractile elements of skeletal muscle– the sarcomeres

Question 17

Sarcomeres

Answer 17

• basic functional unit of a myofibril and basic contractile unit of muscle

Question 18

Myosin

Answer 18

• thick filaments
• globular myosin can bind to actin

Question 19

Actin

Answer 19

• thin filaments
• composed of three different protein molecules - actin, tropomyosin, and troponin

Question 20

Tropomyosin

Answer 20

• blocks the active site on actin

Question 21

Titin

Answer 21

springy protein; prevents overstretching and assists with recoil

Question 22

Dystrophin

Answer 22

links the shortening components to connective tissue

Question 23

Nebulin

Answer 23

provides structural and regulatory support

Question 24

Sliding filament theory

Answer 24

• Action potential: from the brain or spinal cord
• Alpha-motor neuron
• Synapse: nerve fiber stimulates a cell
• Sodium enters cell
• Calcium is released
• Calcium binds with troponin and moves tropomyosin away from the myosin-binding sites
• myosin-actin binding and movement is the “power stroke”

Question 25

How does a muscle fiber (cell) get stimulated?

Answer 25

- Excitation-Contraction coupling - the motor unit

Question 26

Axon terminal

Answer 26

Separated from fiber via the synaptic cleft

Question 27

Schwann cell

Answer 27

Surrounds the junction

Question 28

Synaptic vesicles

Answer 28

Release acetylcholine via exocytosis and initiate electrical activity

Question 29

Nerve cells

Answer 29

Somatic motor neurons (brain stem and spinal cord) Each muscle fiber is innervated by ONE motor neuron

Question 30

Type I (slow twitch)

Answer 30

-aerobic -red in color -high blood supply -fatigue slowly -high # of mitochondria -high # of capillaries (Marathoner)

Question 31

Type II (fast twitch)

Answer 31

-anaerobic -pale in colour -low blood supply -fatigue rapidly -low # of capillaries -low # of mitochondria (Sprinter)

Question 32

Energy substrates

Answer 32

Carbs, fats, protein

Question 33

What do all Carbohydrates break down into

Answer 33

Glucose

Question 34

Glucose

Answer 34

sugar transported through the blood to all body tissues

Question 35

Glycogen

Answer 35

is stored glucose found in the liver

Question 36

Glucagon

Answer 36

hormone resulting in glycogen being broken down into glucose

Question 37

Glycogenolysis

Answer 37

breakdown of glycogen into glucose

Question 38

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 38

production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources