Exam 1

Question 1

The word anatomy means?

Answer 1

Greek for “to cut apart”

Question 2

Cytology ?

Answer 2

The study of cells

Question 3

Gross anatomy is?

Answer 3

structures visible to the unaided eye

Question 4

Metabolism

Answer 4

Various chemical reactions tht organisms carry out are collectively

Question 5

Homeostasis?

Answer 5

Refers to an organism’s ability to regulate its internal environment despite changes in the external environment

Question 6

A cell

Answer 6

Smallest structural unit that exhibits the characteristics of living things

Question 7

The skeletal system

Answer 7

Provides support and protection as well as hemopoiesis

Question 8

What is the function of cartilage located in the epiphyseal plate?

Answer 8

Site of bone elongation and growth

Question 9

The knobby region at the end of long bone farthest

Answer 9

Distal epiphysis

Question 10

The periosteum is anchored to the bone by collagen fibers called?

Answer 10

Perforating fibers

Question 11

Intersistial growth of cartilage?

Answer 11

increases its length and occurs internally

Question 11

An osteoclats looks like?

Answer 11

ruffled border and multipe nuclei

Question 12

During appositional growth of cartilage, cells that produce the matrix?

Answer 12

Chondroblasts

Question 13

What affects osteoblasts and osteoclasts activity ?

Answer 13

gravity, mechanical stress, blood calcium, calcitonin + parathyroid hormones

Question 14

Endochondral ossification begins with ?

Answer 14

hyaline cartilage model

Question 15

Steps of endochondral ossification ?

Answer 15

1. Cartilage model develops
2. Cartilage calcifies and a bone collar forms
3. offification center forms in the diaphysis
4. ossification centers form in the epiphyses
5. Bone replaces cartilage
6. Epiphyseal plates ossify

Question 16

Mechanical stress is detected by?

Answer 16

Osteocytes - then to osteoblast to increase synthesis of osteoid

Question 17

What hormone inhibits bone growth?

Answer 17

Parathyroid hormone

Question 18

What vitman synthesised collagen?

Answer 18

Vitaman C

Question 19

Rickets - overproduction and deficient calcification of osteoid tissue - lack of ?

Answer 19

Vitamin D

Question 20

Calcitriol ?

Answer 20

stimulates absorption of calcium in small intestine

Question 21

Which hormone has a significant effect on blood calcium levels?

Answer 21

Parathyroid hormone

Question 22

components of skeletal systems?

Answer 22

Compact bone, trabecular bone, cartilage, ligaments

Question 23

What is the process of bone repair?

Answer 23

1. Fracture hematoma forms
2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3. Bony callus forms
4. bone is remodeled

Question 24

OSteoporosis

Answer 24

Bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal

Question 25

Osteomalacia

Answer 25

Bone formed is poorly mineralized and soft. Deforms on weight bearing

Question 26

Paget's disease

Answer 26

Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption

Question 27

Greenstick

Answer 27

An incomplete fracture of the bone without actual separation of the parts

Question 28

Comminuted

Answer 28

Bone fragments into many pieces

Question 29

Spiral fracture

Answer 29

Common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force

Question 30

Epiphyseal plate

Answer 30

Area where bone longitudinal growth takes place

Question 31

Inramembranous ossification

Answer 31

Bone develops from a fibrous membrane

Question 32

Appoistional growth

Answer 32

The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface

Question 33

Epiphyseal line

Answer 33

The appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth

Question 34

Chondrocytes

Answer 34

The cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification

Question 35

Compact bone

Answer 35

Adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses

Question 36

Yellow bone marrow contains ?

Answer 36

fat

Question 37

Which cell secretes the matrix of bone?

Answer 37

Osteoblast

Question 38

What tissue is the forerunner of long bones ?

Answer 38

Hyaline cartilage

Question 39

what can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?

Answer 39

Decreased epiphyseal plate activity

Question 40

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the

Answer 40

diaphysis

Question 41

Ossification of the ends of long bones

Answer 41

is produced by secondary ossification centers

Question 42

Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood

Answer 42

Epiphyseal plate

Question 43

Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood

Answer 43

growth hormone

Question 44

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone b

Answer 44

Perforating fibers (sharpeys)

Question 45

The resilience of bone is thought to come from which of the following?

Answer 45

sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules

Question 46

For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?

Answer 46

Ossification centers form in the fibrous connective tissue membrane

Question 47

The process of bones increasing in thickness?

Answer 47

Appositional growth

Question 48

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process

Answer 48

Osteoclast

Question 49

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream

Answer 49

PTH

Question 50

Wolff's law is concerned with

Answer 50

The thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it

Question 51

Cranial bones develop?

Answer 51

within fibrous membranes

Question 52

in humans, the effect of the hormone calcitonin is to

Answer 52

emporarily decrease blood calcium levels when administered in large doses

Question 53

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?

Answer 53

the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

Question 54

Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth of cartilage?

Answer 54

Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.

Question 55

In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows

Answer 55

by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

Question 56

Spongy bone contains

Answer 56

trabeculae

Question 57

Ossification (Osteogenesis) is the process of

Answer 57

bone formation

Question 58

Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through

Answer 58

interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates

Question 59

Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is of greatest importance for bone growth during infancy and childhood?

Answer 59

growth hormone

Question 60

In some cases, the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause?

Answer 60

elevated levels of sex hormones

Question 61

Prevention of osteoporosis includes adequate intake of

Answer 61

Calcium and Vit D

Question 62

What tissue forms the model of endochondral ossification

Answer 62

Cartilage

Question 63

the pubic symphysis connects the two hip bones anteriorly and provides a little movement during childbirth. Choose the most appropriate tissue for this structure that is subjected to both pressure and stretch

Answer 63

fibrocartilage

Question 64

structures that most directly provide nutrients and remove wastes from osteocytes in compact bone.

Answer 64

Canaliculi

Question 65

When an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by its own matrix secretions it is referred to as an

Answer 65

Osteocyte