Exam 1 Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
Health Psychology
A
understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why people become ill, how they respond when ill
2
Q
objective signs body is not functioning properly
A
high blood pressure, high cholesterol
3
Q
subjective symptoms of disease or injury
A
pain, nausea
4
Q
wellness/illness continuum
A
left side: death
right side: optimal wellness
5
Q
estimated contributions of factors to health status
A
genetic: 20%
Behaviour: 40%
medical care: 10%
Other: 30%
6
Q
What do health psychologists focus on?
A
- health promotion and maintenance
- prevention and treatment of illness
- ethology and correlates of health, illness, dysfunction
- studying of impact of health institutions and health professionals on peoples behaviour
7
Q
health psychology roles
A
- educational, scientific and professional contributions of psychology to the promotion and maintenance of health
- prevention and treatment of illness
- identification of the causes and correlates of health and illness
- improvement of health care system and formulation of health policy
8
Q
early views of mind-body relationships
A
Greeks: Humoral theory-> imbalance of fluids (blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm)
Middle Ages: mysticism and demonology, evil spirits in body, gods punishment
9
Q
supernatural or magical beliefs of where disease resulted from
A
- sorcery
- breach of social taboo
- object intrusion
- supernatural possession
- losing ones soul
10
Q
Early treatments
A
- confession and appeasing of gods
- magical sucking to remove intrusive object
- drive out evil spirits by using vile concoctions such as torture or animal excrement
- trephination (make hole in skull to make evil spirit leave, physician performs ritual)
11
Q
Hippocrates treatments
A
PHLEGMATIC: phlegm, cold + headaches, hot baths + warm food
SANGUINE: blood, epilepsy, blood letting
MELANCHOLIC: black bile, hepatitis, hot baths
CHOLERIC: yellow bile, jaundice, blood letting + liquid diet
12
Q
evolving view of diseases ACT-MB-G
A
anatomical pathology disease was localized in anatomy (16th-18th century)
tissue pathology: specific tissues could become diseased while others remain healthy (late 18th century)
cellular pathology: belief that life resided in cells and so cells are place for disease (19th century)
germ theory: particles in air could cause disease
magic bullet: specific cure can be found for every aliment to restore health
biopsychosocial model: mind, body, environment interact causing disease
13
Q
Freuds conversion hysteria
A
- unconscious conflicts produce physical disturbance that symbolize repressed psychological conflicts
- patient converts conflict into nervous system disturbance
14
Q
psychosomatic medicine (Dunbar and Alexander)
A
- disorders thought to be psychosomatic in origin (anxiety cause ulcers)
- shape belief that bodily disorders caused by emotional conflicts
- criticized that particular conflict or personality is not enough to produce illness
15
Q
behavioural medicine
A
- focus on objective and clinically relevant interactions that demonstrate connections between body and mind suggested by psychosomatic medicine
16
Q
biomedical model
A
- illness explained by somatic bodily processes
- potential liabilities: reductionist model, single factor model, assumes mind-body dualism, emphasize illness over health
17
Q
biopsychosocial model
A
- health and illness are consequences of interplay of bio, psyc, and soc factors
18
Q
biomed vs biopsycsoc models
A
biomed: reductionist, single cause, mind-body dualism, emphasize illness over health
biopsycsoc: macro and micro level, multiple factors, mind + body inseparable, emphasize both health and illness
19
Q
biopsychosocial model of disease
A
BIOLOGY: genetic, anatomy, physiology
PATHOGENS: germs, toxins
BEH RISK FACTORS: diet, exercise, smoking, safe sex, seat belts
SOCIAL: family, society, friends
20
Q
biopsycsoc advantages
A
- macro and micro levels interact to produce state of health or illness
- systems theory approach
- all levels linked hierarchically, change on one level impacts change in all other levels
21
Q
biopsycsoc clinical implications
A
- diagnosis should consider bio, psychological and social factors in assessing individuals health or illness
- recommendations for treatments must also include all 3 factors, better to target treatment
- relationship between patient and practitioner matters
22
Q
why is health psychology needed?
A
- to develop understanding of health and illness
- changing patterns of illness create need for understanding affecting lifestyle factors
- advances research and technology
- health care contributions
- increased medical acceptance
23
Q
careers in practice
A
physicians, nurses, allied health professionals better understand and manage psychological and social aspects of health
24
Q
careers in research
A
research in public health, psychology and medicine in variety of settings such as academia, public health departments and health Canada
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health psyc important contributions
- techniques useful in changing behaviours
- committed to keep people healthy
- develop reliable and valid measures for assessing health factors
- solid foundation of scientific methods for studying behaviours
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morbidity
of cases of disease that exist
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mortality
of deaths due to particular causes
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Nervous system parts
CELL BODY: source of life of cell
DENDRITES: branches in cell bodies that act as receivers of messages from adjacent neurons
AXON: projection through which messages travel
SYNAPTIC KNOBS: tips of branches at end of axon. send messages to adjacent neurons
SYNAPSE: fluid filled gap between neurons
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Frontal Lobe
- motor activity
- higher level intelligence
- planning
- problem solving
- emotions
- self-awareness
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Parietal lobe
- bodily sensations (pain, heat etc.)
- body movement
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Occipital Lobe
- primary visual area of the brain
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Temporal Lobe
- hearing
- vision
- smell
- memory
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left vs right hemisphere
R: music, spatial orientation, left hand, creativity, insight
L: language, number skill, right hand, written language, reasoning, scientific fucntions
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hindbrain
MEDULLA: receive sensory information from heart
PONS: links hindbrain and midbrain
CEREBELLUM: major pathway for sensory and motor impulses moving between forebrain and hindbrain
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forebrain main sections
DIENCEPHALON:
- thalamus, recognition and relay of sensory stimuli
- hypothalamus, regulate heart and blood pressure
TELECEPHALON:
- two hemispheres of cerebral cortex
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Spinal cord
transmits messages from the brain to other areas of the body
EFFERENT: away from the brain out to the body, produce muscle action
AFFERENT: from the periphery to the brain, relays information from the sensory organs
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Peripheral nervous system
neurons that convert messages to and from rest of body.
AUTONOMIC: sympathetic (call to activity) parasympathetic (call to rest)
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somatic nervous system
sensory and motor functions of skin and muscles
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autonomic nervous system
- controls what is involuntary, automatic activity
- carry messages between spinal cord and smooth muscles of internal organs
- consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
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sympathetic nervous system
- mobilizing and expending energy in response to emergencies
- fight or flight response
- prepare body for strenuous activity
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parasympathetic nervous system
- restore equilibrium, regulate calming process
- decrease arousal, slow breathing and heart rate, lowers heart rate and blood pressure etc.
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nervous system disorders
- epilepsy
- parkinsons disease
- cerebral palsy
- alzheimers disease
- multiple sclerosis
- Huntingtons disease
- paraplegia, quadriplegia (damage in spinal cord)
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endocrine system
- complements nervous system in controlling bodily activities
- regulated by hypothalamus and pituitary gland
- communicates via chemical substances called hormones
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adrenal gland
- located on top of each other kidney releases hormones in response to stress:
- CORTISOL: control swelling but continued Hugh levels lead to high blood pressure, ulcers
- EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE: produce bodily reactions for quick energy
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sympathetic activation
- events perceived to be stressful create sympathetic nervous system arousal
- triggers adrenal glands to release catecholamines
- blood pressure, heart rate increases and many other changes
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HPA Activation
- hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical axis
- pituitary gland releases hormone ACTH triggering adrenal release of glucocorticoids especially cortisol
- recurring activation compromises functioning, creating allostatic load
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thyroid gland
- produces thyroxin that regulates activity level and growth
- HYPOTHYROIDISM: insufficient thyroid hormones (low activity levels and weight gain)
- HYPERTHYROIDISM: Over-secretion of thyroid hormones (hyperactivity and weight loss, insomnia, tremors etc)
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Pancreas
below stomach, regulates level of blood sugar by producing insulin
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endocrine system disorders
DIABETES:
- Type I: insulin dependent
- Type II: Insufficient insulin or insensitivity to it
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Digestive System Parts
MOUTH: break down food particles, salivary gland action
STOMACH: initially protein digestion, food is liquefied and mixed
SMALL INTESTINE: chemical break down, absorption
LARGE INTESTINE: water absorption and waste storage
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digestive system
ENZYMES: break down food substances
- commands from brain stem activate production of saliva
- esophagus pushes food to stomach using peristalsis
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disorders of digestive system
PEPTIC ULCERS: open sores in stomach or duodenum, caused by excessive gastric juices and bacterial infection
HEPATITIS: liver becomes inflamed
CIRRHOSIS: liver cells die and are replaced by scar tissue, caused by hepatitis and heavy alcohol consumption
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respiratory system parts
- body tissues need constant supply of oxygen
- mechanical action: moving air in and out of lungs
- gas exchange: in alveoli CO2 is eliminated and O2 enters blood stream
- protective mechanisms: sneezing, cough, mucous production
- impaired function: asthma, pneumonia, bronchitis, emphysema, cancer
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respiratory system
- air enters through nose and mouth
- travels past larynx down trachea and bronchial tubes into lung
- tubes divide into small branches (bronchioles) and then tiny sacs (alveoli)
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disorders of respiratory system
Asphyxia: too little oxygen and too much carbon dioxide
Anoxia: shortage of oxygen, person looses judgement, pass into coma
Hyperventilation: deep rapid breaths that reduce amount of carbon dioxide
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blood vessels
- arteries carry oxygenated blood from heart to periphery and brain (red)
- veins carry deoxygenated blood back to heart and lung (blue)
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heart
- circulates blood to and from lungs to body
- four chambers: atrium (right & left) ventricles (right & left)
- left side pumps oxygenated blood from lungs out to periphery and brain
- right side takes deoxygenated blood into the lungs
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Blood Pressure overview
- as heart contracts and pushes blood into arteries the BP rises (systolic cardiac cycle)
- heart rests between beets and no blood is pumped BP is at its lowest (diastolic cardiac cycle)
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dynamics of blood pressure
CARDIAC OUTPUT: volume of fluid pumped per minute, blood pressure rises as cardiac output rises
BLOOD VOLUME: amount of blood in system. blood pressure rises as blood volume rises
PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE: ease which blood can pass through arteries (as resistance increases, BP increases)
ELASTICITY: give and take in arterial walls, as elasticity decreases BP increases
VISCOSITY: thickness of blood, BP increases when thickness of blood increases
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blood pressure is dynamic
- when arteries dilate, diastolic BP decreases
- BP increases when heart rate or cardiac output increases in response to activity, change in posture, while talking when under stress etc.
- BP follows circadian rhythm that is lowest when in deep sleep
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cardiovascular system disorders
ATHEROSCLEROSIS: caused by deposits of cholesterol and other substances on artery wall that forms plaque
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS: over time plaque hardens and blood vessels lose elasticity which causes increase in BP
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consequences of atherosclerosis
ANGINA PECTORIS: insufficient oxygen supply to heart for its need and removal of waste producing chest pain
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (heart attack): blockage of blood supply to area of heart cutting off oxygen supply to tissue and resulting in tissue death
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Hypertension
permanently high blood pressure
- systolic: 140mmHg
- diastolic: 90mmHg
Essential (no known cause)
Secondary (due to specific cause)
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Red blood cells
carry oxygen and nutrients, formed in bone marrow, contains hemoglobin
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white blood cells (leukocytes)
immune functions, produced in bone marrow
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platelets
clotting blood and forming scabs, produced by bone marrow
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blood
TWO COMPONENTS: formed elements and plasma
FORMED ELEMENTS: RBC, Leukocytes (WBC), platelets
68
RBC production disorders
ANEMIA: when bone marrow doesn't produce enough RBC potentially causing nervous system damage and chronic weakness
SICKLE-CELL ANEMIA: genetically transmitted inability to produce sufficient RBC, cells are sickle shapes, developed to improve resistance to malaria but have fatal consequences long term
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WBC production disorders
LEUKEMIA: disease of bone marrow
LEUKOPENIA: WBC deficiency, may accompany other disease
LEUOKOCYTOSIS: excessive WBC, response to infections appendicitis and mononucleosis
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Disorders related to clotting
HEMOPHILIA: platelets dont function properly to produce clotting
coronary and cerebral thromboses and embolus: detached clot that lodges in lung, can be fatal
71
Immune system parts
ANTIGENS: substance that can trigger immune response
BACTERIAL: microorganisms in environment, compete with cells for nutrients
FUNGI: organisms like mould and yeast absorb nutrients
PROTOZOA: one celled animal that live in water and insects
VIRUSES: proteins and nucleic acid, take over cell and generate own genetic instructions
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immune system course of infection
- incubation period
- period of nonspecific symptoms
- acute phase (disease at its height)
- infections may be localized, focal, or systemic
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immunity
HUMORAL IMMUNITY: mediated by B lymphocytes, best against bacterial and viral infection
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY: involve T lymphocytes, best against fungi, parasites, foreign tissue, cancer
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Lymphocytes
CYTOTOXIC T CELLS: kill virus infected and damaged cells
HELPER T CELLS: help T and B cells in their immune functions
B CELLS: produce antibodies
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organs of immune system
LYMPH NODES: largest in neck, arm pit, abdomen and groin, filters to capture antigens
LYMPH VESSELS: connects to nodes and carry lymph into blood stream
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lymphatic organs
SPLEEN: production of B and T cells, removes old RBC, home base for WBC
TONSILS: filter microorganisms that get into respiratory tract
THYMUS: helps T cells mature, produce hormones for antibodies
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Phagocutes
engulf and ingest antigens
2 TYPES:
- macrophages: attach to tissue and stay
- monocytes: circulate in blood
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cell mediated immunity
KILLER T CELLS: destroy foreign tissue, cancer cells
MEMORY T CELLS: remember past antigen to defend against invasions
DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY T CELLS: produce lymphokines to stimulate t-cells to grow and attack
HELPER T CELLS: get info of invasions and report to spleen and nodes
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antibodies
proteins in body to respond to antigens
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B lymphocytes
secrete antibodies that protect against bacterial and viral infection
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disorders related to immune system
- AIDS
- Cancer
- splenomegaly (spleen infection)
- tonsillitis
- mononucleosis
- lymphoma
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person-environment fit
personal resources sufficient to meet the demands of the environment
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direct physiological effects from stress
- elevated lipids
- elevated blood pressure
- decreased immunity
- increased hormonal activity
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health habit effects of stress
- increased smoking
- decreased nutrition
- decreased sleep
- increased drug use
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health behaviour effects of stress
- decreased compliance
- increased delay in seeking care
- obscured symptom profile
- decreased likelihood of seeking care
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biological aspects of stress
general adaptation syndrome
- alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion
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psychological appraisal and experience of stress and factors leading to successful appraisal
- secondary appraisal process
- personal factors (personality)
- situational factors (strong demands)
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allostatic load
physiological systems within body fluctuate to meet demands of stress
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dimensions of stressful events
ambiguous events: more stressful because no opportunity to take action
overload: overloaded people more stressed than those with less tasks
