exam 1 Flashcards
(245 cards)
1
Q
A microscopic organism, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi.
A
Microbe
2
Q
An organism whose cells contain a nucleus and organelles.
A
Eukaryote
3
Q
A unicellular organism without a nucleus, including bacteria and archaea.
A
Prokaryote
4
Q
A group of prokaryotes with unique cell membranes, often in extreme environments.
A
Archaea
5
Q
Single-celled prokaryotes with diverse roles in the environment and health.
A
Bacteria
6
Q
A microscopic infectious agent requiring a host cell to replicate
A
Virus
7
Q
A microorganism that causes disease.
A
Pathogen
8
Q
A gel-like substance derived from algae, used as a culture medium.
A
Agar
9
Q
A method to isolate specific microbes by providing selective conditions.
A
Enrichment culture
10
Q
Techniques used to prevent contamination by microbes.
A
Aseptic
11
Q
Developed powerful microscopes and was the first to observe and describe microbes (bacteria and protozoa).
A
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
12
Q
Pioneered the use of statistics in public health and promoted hygiene practices to reduce infectious diseases.
A
Florence Nightingale
13
Q
Established Kochās postulates, linking specific microbes to specific diseases; discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis
A
Robert Koch
14
Q
He demonstrated that microorganisms come from the air and not through spontaneous generation, laying groundwork for germ theory.
A
Lazzaro Spallanzani
15
Q
Disproved spontaneous generation. Developed the germ theory of disease and vaccines for rabies and anthrax using broth.
A
Louis Pasteur
16
Q
Developed the Gram stain technique for classifying bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative groups.
A
Hans Christian Gram
17
Q
Discovered viruses that can cause cancer, such as the Rous sarcoma virus in chickens.
A
Francis Peyton Rous
18
Q
Discovered penicillin, the first widely used antibiotic
A
Alexander Fleming
19
Q
Developed the first successful vaccine, using cowpox to protect against smallpox.
A
Edward Jenner
20
Q
The outdated belief that living organisms arise spontaneously from non-living matter.
A
Spontaneous Generation
21
Q
The concept that microorganisms are the primary cause of many infectious diseases in humans
A
Germ Theory of Disease
22
Q
Pathogen transmission requires a source, mode of transmission, and susceptible host.
A
Chain of Infection
23
Q
Theory suggesting eukaryotic cells evolved by engulfing prokaryotic cells that became organelles like mitochondria.
A
Endosymbiosis
24
Q
What are the 4 criteria of Koch Postulates
A
- a microorganism must be present in all cases of the disease
- isolated and grown in pure culture
- it causes the same disease when introduced to a healthy host
- must be re-isolated from the newly infected host.
25
Name 2 reasons why Koch's postulates may not work
Some pathogens are present without symptoms (asymptomatic)
Some viruses can't be grown outside of a host
26
Which microbe has NO true nucleus?
Prokaryotic cells
27
What is noncellular, nonmetabolic, and unable to reproduce independently?
Virus
28
what are the rules for binomial nomeclature?
It should be italicized and the first letter capitalized, followed by a lowercase species name.
29
For viruses, how do you use bacterial nomenclature?
If you're describing disease, not italicized. If referring to actual microbe ITALICIZE
30
Tuberculosis, Leprosy, and Black Plague are considered _________ diseases.
Microbial diseases
31
Made illustrations of fungi and discovered cells in cork in microscope
Robert Hooke
32
Who believed in spontaneous generation?
Aristotle
33
Who uses statistics to determine the cause of disease using methods first implemented by Nightengale?
Epidemiologists
34
Who assesses the role of infectious disease in the health populations?
Field of Public Health
35
What is the diagnosis that requires direct evidence that a given microbe caused the disease?
Chain of infection
36
Who inoculated her children and publicized the benefits of inoculation(involved scratching skin and introducing into the blood a tiny amount of pus taken from someone with a mild form of the disease)?
Lady Mary Montague
37
Who suggested that use of antiseptics by doctors could protect patients?
Ignaz Semmelweis
38
What are obligate pathogens?
Viruses
39
Who proposed that DNA was a double helix?
Rosalind Franklin
40
Who proposed that the four bases of the DNA alphabet pair in the interior of the helix?
Watson and Crick
41
When both species benefit in a microbial interaction
Mutualism
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When one species benefits, the other is not affected in a microbial interaction
Commensalism
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When one species benefits, the other is harmed in a microbial interaction
Parasitism
44
Which places in/on your body are exposed to microbes and have microbiomes? (6)
Skin, gut, vaginal canal, eyelashes, oral cavity, nasal cavity
45
Which protein enables microbiota to attach to host cells and colonize?
Adhesins
46
______is the ability of the microbe to stay attached to the body surface and replicate.
Colonization
47
Any condition where normal structure or functions of the body are damaged/impaired
Disease
48
Disease-causing protozoa and worms or fleas/lice that live on the body
Parasites
49
Any microbe that causes an infectious disease (has a parasitic relationship with the human body)
Pathogen
50
Ability of an organism to cause disease
Pathogenicity
51
Occurs when a pathogen or parasite enters and begins to grow on the host; most do not cause symptoms and go unnoticed
Infection
52
An infection that can pass form person to person
communicable
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an infection that cannot be passed form person to person
noncommunicable
54
occurs when the patient develops symptoms
disease
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Symptoms develop and resolve rapidly (common cold)
Acute infection
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symptoms that develop gradually and resolve slowly (tuberculosis)
Chronic infection
57
Which pathogens is likely to cause disease in a healthy host and rapidly reproduces and has a moderate/high virulence?
Primary pathogens
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Which pathogens are less likely to cause disease in a healthy host, have low virulence, and some have a latent state?
Opportunistic pathogens
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the level of harm caused by a pathogen following infection
Virulence
60
how easily an organism causes disease
Infectivity
61
the ability of a pathogen to enter cell themselves
invasion
62
The ability for a pathogen to spread throughout the tissue
Invasiveness
63
Pathogenicity is the combination of _____ and _____
Virulence and infectivity
64
What are the potential virulence characteristics of a pathogen? (6)
adhesion, invasion, toxins (direct damage), evasion, biofilm, secretion (deliver virulence proteins into host cells)
65
What does host range refer to?
the spectrum of hosts that a pathogen can infect
66
______ _____ _____ can move whole blocks of DNA from one organism to another, placing blocks of genes directly in the chromosome of what is called a genomic island
Horizontal gene transfers
67
What virulence factor have molecular hooks that allow the pathogens to adhere to the host?
Pili
68
What virulence factor harms the host or prevents detection
Enzymes
69
What virulence factor disrupts normal cellular function
Proteins (toxins)
70
What virulence factor protects the pathogen from detection or harm?
Capsule or biofilms
71
What virulence factor has enzymes that inactivate antibiotics?
Drug resistance
72
What is infectivity measured by?
The number of pathogenic microbes that are required to cause infection in 50% of infected animals
73
What is virulence measured by (LD)?
The number of bacteria or virus particles required to cause death in 50% of an experimental group of animal hosts
74
What is the formula for infectivity (ID)?
When a disease is in 50% of the body, you take 10 and times it by the power of what number you are at.
If the dose is at 3.1 at 50%= 10^3.1=1300
If your numbers are above that, it will be infectious
75
The lower the dose, the________ the pathogen is infectious
More
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What is the formula for virulence?
When 50% of experimental group of animals die, you take the dose of pathogen and do 10 to the power of that dose
If dose is 4.8 at 50%=10^4.8=63,000
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______ _________ refers to the animals a pathogen can infect and produce disease in
Host range
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If a pathogen can infect only humans, it is considered______. If it can infect other animals in addition to humans, it is considered______
Narrow, broad
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Are the following considered signs or symptoms? Fever, vomiting, rash, seizures
Signs
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Are the following considered signs or symptoms? Sickness, headache, light sensitivity, joint pain
Symptom
81
________Is the study of how a host responds to an infection
Immunopathology
82
What cytokines induce fever?
Pyrogens
83
What is the incubation phase and what number is it?
The period between the first exposure and first emergence of symptoms; does not show any signs or symptoms of sickness
Phase one
84
What is the prodromal phase and what number is it?
Period Between incubation and illness; pathogens continue to multiply but cannot yet cause fulminant illness; begins to show signs of illness, but the symptoms are mild and not very specific or diagnostic
Phase two
85
What is the illness phase and what number is it?
Highly contagious and experiencing severe and sudden onset of symptoms; microbial replication steadily increases and includes the peak of infection, called an acme point
Phase 3
86
What is the decline phase and what number is it?
The phase when once acme point is reached, invading pathogens decrease in the body as the immune system combats the infection, symptoms regress
Phase 4
87
What is the convalescence phase?
The period of recovery and return to the pre-illness State; microbial replication has halted due to the immune system, individual may still be contagious during convalescence, depending on the pathogen
Phase 5
88
What is the acme point?
The peak of infection
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The rate of illness due to a disease
Morbidity
90
The rate of death due to a disease
Mortality
91
What is a latent infection?
When a pathogen remains dormant in the body after initial infection (no symptoms). I can reactivate later.
92
What are the five requirements for pathogenesis
1. entry into the host
2. attachment and colonization
3. avoidance of host immunity
4. host damage
5. exit from host
93
An animal, human or an environment that normally harbors the pathogen.
Reservoir
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A special kind of reservoir that harbors the potential disease agent but does not have the disease
Asymptomatic carrier
95
Infections of animals that can be transmitted to humans
Zoonotic diseases
96
What type of diseases are Lyme disease in Ebola
Zoonotic diseases
97
What are six ways microbials can enter the body?
Fecal-oral, skin, respiratory, urogenital, parental, entry via the eye
98
What is the difference between the types of pili?
One of them is for attachment. One of them is not.
Type 1 Is going to be static meaning they stand still. They are hair like appendages and they are only used for attachment. May also have a hook or adhesin
Type 4 move and are thin and flexible
99
Hi density communities of cells embedded in self-made exopolymer matrices
Biofilms
100
When pathogens coordinate colony behavior by releasing chemicals between cells
Quorum sensing
101
How does the DIGESTIVE system defend against pathogens?
Peristalisis (constant movement)
102
How does the respiratory system defend against pathogens
Mucociliary escalator (moves with mucus), sneezing, coughing
103
How does the urinary system defend against pathogens?
Flushing of urine
104
How does the cardiovascular system defend against pathogens?
Blood pressure and shear force of blood flow
105
How does the immune system defend against pathogens
Attaches to adhesion proteins so they can't work
106
When a pathogen hides within a host cell, what is it called?
Intracellular pathogen
107
What pathogen is an intracellular pathogen that can colonize and grow within or outside of a host cell?
Facultative
108
How do intracellular pathogens enter the cell?
through endocytosis, phagocytosis
109
What are capsules for around bacteria?
to protect and prevent phagosome binding
110
How does the Fc work with bacteria?
The bacteria binds to the base of an antibody (Fc) so that the phagocyte doesn't recognize it
111
How do pathogens attack?
Produce proteins that mimic cytokines,
Produce proteins that trigger apoptosis,
Infects and destroys lymphocytes
112
What do biofilms do
They allow pathogen to adhere, protect, persist through host defenses, inaccessible to white blood cells, tolerance to antibiotics
113
What do toxins/enzymes do in pathogens
Alter host function, disrupt immune system, kill cells to obtain nutrients
114
What does bacteria secrete to affect the host cell?
Exotoxins
115
What does endotoxins target?
Plasma membrane disruption, signal transduction disruption, protein synthesis disruption
116
How do endotoxins work?
They cause binding, damage membrane, act within host cells
117
What 2 things does a toxin have to secrete?
a subunit and b subunit (a subunit is toxic, b subunit binds to host cell
118
What exotoxin moves protein across the cytoplasmic membrane and in gram-negative, needs additional mechanisms to cross the outer membrane?
SecA-dependent secretion system
119
What exotoxin is a piston that pushes proteins out through our membrane pore?
Type 2 secretion systems
120
What exotoxin is a syringe delivery in host and elminates the need for specific host cell receptors and prevents dilution of protein in extracellular environment?
Type 3 secretion
121
What has an LPS of outer membrane of Gram-negative cells, is released when cells die, and causes the release of cytokines from immune cells (cytokine storm)
Endotoxins
122
What causes a fever, vasodilation, hypotension induced shock, and clotting factors from an endotoxin?
Cytokine storm
123
What endotoxin is released that causes cytokine storm?
LipidA
124
What transmission happens between people or between a person and animal reservoir?
Horizontal transmission
125
Horizontal transmission happens through?
Physical contact, kissing, sex, large droplets from coughing, sneezing, talking
126
What transmission is indirectly through an intermediary, which may be living or nonliving?
Indirect transmission
127
Which transmission is microbes that circulate in airflow?
Airborne transmission
128
An object which transmission's serve as intermediate between reservoir and human host (door knobs, toys, etc)
Fomites
129
Which transmission come from air, food, water?
Vehicle transmission
130
Which transmission come from ticks and mosquitoes?
Vector transmission
131
A living organism that transmits an infectious agent from an infected animal to a human or other animal
Vector
132
Arthropods are generally involved in
Vector transmission
133
Transmission from mother to child (placenta, breastmilk, birth)
Vertical transmission
134
Which pathogens can cross the placenta?
Toxoplasma gondii, other agents, rubella, cytomegalovirus, hsv-2 (torch)
135
A disease that is always present in the community at a low rate (often in an animal reservoir)
Endemic
136
A disease which the number of cases increases in a community in a short time
Epidemic
137
A disease that is an epidemic that spreads worldwide
Pandemic
138
When animals and insect reservoirs can also function as "incubators" for new infectious diseases yet to emerge in humans
Emerging infectious diseases
139
Which bacteria is Round?
coccus
140
Age, host genetic makeup, host hygiene and behavior, nutrition and exercise, pre-existing conditions, occupation, immune status and immunopathogenesis are factors that:
influence disease outcome in the host
141
What are the three main branches of domain life?
Bacteria, archaea, eucaryota
142
Which came first, prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes
143
What are small, unicellular organisms, with no nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?
Prokaryotes
144
How are archaea and bacteria different?
Archaea has an extra branch on phospholipid. Their cell wall composition is different and more varied. Larger more complex genomes. Phospholipid bilayer are longer and don't split
145
Which prokaryotes love extreme conditions and don't cause infections?
Archaea
146
What prokaryote produces methane?
Archaea
147
What is Gram staining for?
To identify the cell wall to identify the bacteria
148
Which bacteria is rod shaped?
Bacillus
149
which bacteria has a curved rod?
vibrio
150
which bacteria has a short rod
coccobacillus
151
which bacteria is spiral shaped?
spirillum
152
which bacteria has a long, loose helical spiral
spirochete
153
What is a chain of cocci called?
Streptococcus
154
What is a cluster of cocci called?
Staphylococcus
155
what is a chain of rods called?
Streptobacillus
156
do bacteria have a membrane?
Yes
157
What is the cell wall of a bacteria made of
Peptidoglycan
158
Gram negative bacteria have a________ _____
outer membrane (lps)
159
Describe LPS structure
Lipid A, Core polysaccharide, o-antigen
160
Why do bacteria require a cell wall?
Structure support, protection, prevent lysis, attachment/colonization, defense against host
161
What is the cell membrane, cell wall, and outer membrane called?
Cell envelope
162
Chromosome in bacteria is organized within the cytoplasm as a system of looped coils called?
The nucleoid
163
What is the difference from a bacteria cell membrane and a eukaryotic membrane?
the membrane makes energy from the atp synthase flooding hydrogen into cell. They also have cell walls
164
Which transporter requires ATPase to transport solutes across the membrane?
ABC transporter
165
What Fe3+ binding molecule requires an ABC transporter for iron uptake
Siderophore
166
what channel expels hazardous waste in bacteria?
Efflux transporters
167
What layer is made of glycan sugars linked by peptides and is made of repeating dimer of NAG and NAM crosslinked with pentapeptide?
peptidoglycan
168
what does penicillin block in bacteria?
the crossbridge link enzyme (transpeptidase)
169
what does vancomycin do to bacteria?
blocks crossbridge formation
170
What does a gram positive cell wall have?
Thick peptidoglycan cell wall, teichoic acid, thin periplasm
171
What does teichoic acid do in bacteria cell wall?
Create flexibility and ion attraction
172
What is lipoteichoic acid?
It is in bacteria wall and is an endotoxin. It is attached to cell membrane.
173
What will a gram negative cell wall have?
Thin peptidoglycan cell wall, lipopolysaccharides outer membrane, large periplasm
174
what does the inner leaf of the outer membrane of a gram negative cell wall have?
Murein lipoprotein
175
What does the outer leaf of a lipopolysaccharide of a gram negative cell wall have?
Lipid A, Core, O-antigen
176
lipid A acts as a ________in lysed cells?
endotoxin
177
where is the periplasmic space?
between the outer membrane and inner membrane
178
what makes gram staining not hold any color?
mycolic acids
179
How do you differentiate between gram -positive and gram-negative bacteria?
Crystal violet, iodine, alcohol wash, safranin
180
Gram positive bacteria that have a layer of peptidoglycan linked to mycolic acids
Acid fast bacteria
181
Which staining uses heat to allow stain to penetrate waxy coating of cell wall?
Acid-fast method
182
What has no cell wall, only survives in isotonic environment, and has an undefined shape?
mycoplasma or Wall-less bacteria
183
What is the bacteria capsule for?
Protects cell from drying out and protects against phagocytosis
184
What creates the positive and negative stain on the capsule of a bacteria?
Positive- bacteria
Negative-background
185
What cannot be identified under a microscope, and are not firmly attached to cell wall of bacteria?
slime layers
186
How do pathogens attach to hosts?
With pili, fimbriae, and biofilms
187
What are numerous short, straight, stiff filaments that attach to cells surfaces?
Fimbriae
188
What has fewer long, thick, flexible appendages made of pilin protein
Pili
189
What is pili used for?
Attachment and genetic transfer
190
what facilitates transfer of DNA between cells?
Conjugation (sex) pilus
191
What is used for motility?
Flagella
192
How is flagella in bacteria different from sperm?
it rotates
193
what are the different flagellar arrangements?
monotrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous, peritrichous
194
What involves rotation of flagella that propels the cell in response to stimuli?
Chemotaxis
195
To stop, the flagella goes which way?
clockwise
196
to go forward, which way does the flagella go for bacteria?
counterclockwise
197
What is the genetic material in the bacteria called?
nucleoid
198
the nucleoid has how many chromosomes and how many loops (domains)?
1, 50
199
What are the subunits of ribosomes in bacteria?
50s and 30s but a complete ribosome has 70S
200
What are proteins that bind to DNA and allows to fold in bacteria?
DNA binding proteins
201
Where does DNA replication in bacteria begin?
Origin of replication
202
Extrachromosomal genetic elements
plasmid
203
What is part of a bacteria but is not required for it to survive and helps with virulence factors like antibiotic resistance
Plasmids
204
adaptive structures for diverse environments
inclusion bodies
205
Storage of nutrients such as sulfur, phosphate, and glycogen
Storage granules
206
What do storage granules hold? (6)
lipid, glycogen, sulfur, gas, magnetosomes, thylakoids
207
dormant cells of gram positive bacteria. They are highly resistant to harsh environments
Endospores
208
What are the characteristics of endospores? (6 things)
nonvegatative, protects genetic material, no growth, dehydrated, resistant to temp and radiation, difficult to remove from environment.
209
The process where vegetative cells transform to endospores
Sporulation
210
What are characteristics of vegetative cells? (4 things)
sensitive to extreme temp and radiation, gram-positive, normal water content, active growth
211
When does sporulation start
When nutrients are depleted or environment is unfavorable
212
what happens during sporulation?
Dna replicated, membrane forms around DNA, forespore forms with additional membrane, protective cortex forms around the spore, protein coat form around the cortex, spore is released.
213
what is the transfer of genetic information between different bacterial cells?
Horizontal gene transfer
214
When horizontal gene transfer occurs, do the species have to be the same?
No
215
What are the three methods of horizontal gene transfer?
Transformation, transduction, conjugation
216
If bacteria can naturally import DNA fragments and plasmids released from nearby dead cells to alter it's genetic material, it is called:
transformation competence
217
Bacteria that don't import DNA efficiently
Incompetent cells
218
In a lab using calcium chloride and heat shock is a process called
Electroporation
219
How bacteria gives DNA to other bacteria
Conjugation (sex)
220
What protein must the bacterial cell have to donate through conjugation?
a pilus
221
The donor cells of conjugation are called?
F+ cells (contain f plasmid)
222
The recipient cells of conjugation are called?
F- cells (don't contain F plasmid)
223
What fuses 2 membranes together during conjugation?
bridge
224
When an F plasmid can accidentally integrate into the chromosome, it becomes?
Hfr cell
225
What is an Hfr cell capable of?
transferring genes
226
What is an f-prime cell
A bacteria that has an extra piece of its DNA, which it can share with other bacteria.n.
227
When a bacteriophage inadvertently packages host DNA instead of viral DNA
Transduction
228
Specialized transduction is?
when a phage vector integrates its genome into the genomic DNA of a host cell
229
penicillin is an example of?
Specialized transduction
230
_______ is the movement of a DNA segment (transposon) from one location to another within the genome.
Transposition
231
What is tansposen?
DNA segment that can move from one location to another
232
Bacteria with gram positive cell walls
Firmicutes
233
What has tough skin, several layers of peptidoglycan supported with teichoic acids?
firmicutes
234
what has Peptidoglycan with an additional thick waxy coat and high āG+Cā content
Actinobacteria
235
Bacillus anthracis, bacillus subtilis, bacillus thuringiensis, Clostridioides difficile, clostridium acetobutylicum, clostridium botulinum, clostridium tentani are examples of?
Firmicute endospore forming bacteria
236
bacteria ending in coccus are what?
Firmicutes that are non-spore formers
237
What bacteria can make spores?
actinobacteria
238
Inert heat-resistant spores that can remain viable for hundreds of years
endospores
239
What bacteria is good for us and is in yogurt and milk and what type of bacteria is it?
lactic acid, phylum firmicute
240
Listeria is a ________ pathogen
intracellular
241
What are some phylum firmicutes?
Strep, staph, mycoplasma
242
What are antibiotic producers and decomposers in natural environments?
actinobacteria
243
What does actinobacteria have as a cell wall and what do you used to stain it?
mycolic acid, acid fast stain
244
Which actinobacteria is tuberculosis and leprosy?
branching bacteria
245
