Exam 1 Flashcards
(49 cards)
Define
Catabolic Pathway
A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking complex molecules into simple ones
Define
Anabolic Pathway
A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize complex molecules out of simple ones
Define
Osmosis
Movement of water through a menbrane from a high concentration to a low concentration
Define
Diffusion
The movement of a substance from a high concentrtion to a low cincentration
Define Negative Feedback
when the end product of a reaction inhibits the reaction from starting again
this is most reactions, especially in animal cells
if a word ends in “-ose” what is it most likely to be?
a sugar
if a word ends in “-ase” what is it most likely to be?
an enzyme
What are the four emergent properties of water?
-Versatility as a solvent
- coheasive behavior
- expanding when frozen
- high specific heat
What is the relationship between valence shells and atom reactivity?
Atoms with full shells are stable
List the essential elements
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
List the trace elements
Sulphur, phosphorous, potassium, calcium
What bond is the strongest, and is it hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Covalent
nonpolar- hydrophobic
polar-hydrophilic
What bond has medium strength?
Ionic bonds
Cation-positive charge
Anion - negative charge
What bond is the medium-strong?
Hydrogen
What bond is the weakest?
Van der waals interactions
What is chemical equilibrium?
When both sides of a reaction occur at the same rate
What is pH?
pH is acidity
What are the most common elements that carbon forms bonds with?
Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
An enzyme moving a phosphate group from one organic molecule to another
What are the inputs and outputs of glycolysis
input: Glucose + ATP
Output: 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 4 ATP
Define concentration gradient
An area of high concentration and an area of low concentration seperated by a semi-permeable membrane
List the types of molecules that can pass through a membrane
Nonpolar molecules, steroids, and gasses
What types of molecules are cell membranes made of?
Lipids and proteins
What are the two types of membrane proteins?
Peripheral proteins (bonded to membrane surface)
Integral proteins (penetrate hydrophobic core)
