Exam 1

Question 1

All the DNA in a cell adds up to the cells

Answer 1

genome

Question 2

the two types of genomes and differences

Answer 2

single DNA molecule -prokaryotes, circular
several DNA molecules- linear, eukaryotes

Question 3

DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into

Answer 3

chromosomes

Question 4

eukaryotic chromosomes consist of

Answer 4

chromatin

Question 5

What does chromatin do

Answer 5

condenses to make chromosomes.
complexes of DNA and protein that condense during cell division

Question 6

the chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes are called what

Answer 6

autosomes

Question 7

what are the names of the short and long arm of chromosomes

Answer 7

short arm =p
long arm= q

Question 8

where are centromeres located

Answer 8

mostly middle of chromosome but doesnt have to be

Question 9

what is a centromere

Answer 9

where two chromatids are most closely attached- pinched site

Question 10

each duplicated chromosome has 2

Answer 10

sister chromatids

Question 11

how are sister chromatids attached- essentially how do they move around and not get damaged?

Answer 11

cohesion proteins called cohesin- like a zipper along chromosome

Question 12

what does the kinetochore do

Answer 12

pulls the sister chromatids apart- hopefully equally. spindle microtubules attach to really pull them apart.

Question 13

where do homologs exist

Answer 13

in somatic cells of diploid organisms

Question 14

are homologs identical

Answer 14

no but they are similar

Question 15

alleles in terms of homologs

Answer 15

chromosomes can carry different version of the same gene which is called an allele

Question 16

sex determining chromosomes are not homologous but behave as

Answer 16

homologs in meiosis

Question 17

when does mitosis occur in somatic cells

Answer 17

when
-organisms need to grow
-repair damage
-asexual reproduction

Question 18

meiosis yields ___-_____ daughter cells that have ____ as many chromosomes as the parent cell

Answer 18

non identical
half

Question 19

another name for mitosis

Answer 19

karyokinesis

Question 20

what is mitosis in short

Answer 20

division of nuclei

Question 21

what is cytokinesis in short

Answer 21

division of cytoplasm

Question 22

do both mitosis and cytokinesis need to occur in a cell

Answer 22

no, mitosis always happens but cytokinesis doesnt always

Question 23

gametes are produced by what

Answer 23

meiosis

Question 24

can cells have different DNA content and cytoplasmic content

Answer 24

no they must have the same DNA content but can have differing cytoplasmic content.

Question 25

do all cells go through mitosis

Answer 25

no, once they become differentiated they lose the ability to divide

Question 26

what phase of interphase replicates chromosomes

Answer 26

the s phase

Question 27

what kind of cells have a cell wall

Answer 27

plant cells

Question 28

where is rRNA synthesized

Answer 28

nucleolus

Question 29

in prokaryotes where is the DNA since they do not have membrane bound organelles

Answer 29

nucleoid

Question 30

what is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 30

compartmentalizes cytoplasm increases surface area -Biochemical synthesis!

Question 31

what do cells do in G0 phase

Answer 31

stay metabolically active but are not rapidly increasing in #(proliferative)

Question 32

how to tell interphase and prophase apart

Answer 32

interphase does not have a distinct circle shape. prophase- centrioles not fully opposite, centromere not connected

Question 33

How to tell prometaphase

Answer 33

chromosomes clearly double structured- not all but some are connected and not in the middle -centrioles opposite -spindle fibers are formed

Question 34

how does the cytoskeleton attach to chromosomes

Answer 34

via kinetochores- attachment sites on centromere

Question 35

what is an aster

Answer 35

array of short microtubules which extends from each centrosome

Question 36

what are centrosomes composed of

Answer 36

2 centrioles

Question 37

why is the mitotic spindle a target for cancer treatments

Answer 37

dynamic instability- some plants prevent microtubule assembly and some prevent disassembly

Question 38

how to distinctly tell a cell is in metaphase

Answer 38

lined in the middle arms kind of hanging out at the end

Question 39

how many chromosomes and sister chromatids are in metaphase

Answer 39

chromosomes- 46 sister chromatids-92

Question 40

how many chromosomes and sister chromatids in anaphase

Answer 40

chromosomes- 92 sister chromatids- 0

Question 41

1st step of checkpoints/cell cycle regulation

Answer 41

kinases adding phosphates to other proteins to regulate cell cycle

Question 42

cyclin dependent kinases (CDKS) are activated by what

Answer 42

cyclin proteins

Question 43

the ____ (initial fertilized egg) has a ____ chromosome number, one set from each ____

Answer 43

zygote, diploid, parent

Question 44

what is the union of sperm and egg

Answer 44

fertilization

Question 45

what does meiosis produce

Answer 45

gametes

Question 46

what is aneuploidy

Answer 46

same number of chromosome sets but total chromosome number has changed by addition or deletion- down syndrome

Question 47

what is aneuploidy caused by

Answer 47

nondisjunction

Question 48

main difference between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

Answer 48

meiosis -homologous chromosomes separate meiosis 2- sister chromatids separate

Question 49

are alleles between sister chromatids exactly the same or different, what about homologous chromosomes

Answer 49

same , different

Question 50

in mitosis are the cells genetically identical to parent cell or is that meiosis

Answer 50

yes- mitosis

Question 51

what is synapsis

Answer 51

pairing of homologous chromosomes yields tetrads

Question 52

what happens in prophase 1

Answer 52

homologous chromosomes synapse and cross over

Question 53

where does independent assortment and the law of segregation

Answer 53

anaphase 1

Question 54

what is formed in telophase 1

Answer 54

2 haploid cells- no homologs

Question 55

what is crossing over and what kind of chromosomes participate

Answer 55

homologous chromosomes physically connect and exchange genetic information

Question 56

what is independent assortment of chromosomes

Answer 56

each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal homologs into daughter cells independently of the other pairs

Question 57

what does spermatogenesis yield

Answer 57

4 sperm cells

Question 58

oogenesis yields what

Answer 58

1 oocyte and 2-3 polar bodies

Question 59

what are the kinds of controlled matings

Answer 59

self-fertilization or cross-fertilization (pollination)

Question 60

what is blending

Answer 60

red + white = pink

Question 61

mendels law of segregation

Answer 61

from each parent you inherit only one of 2 alleles of each gene

Question 62

genotype and phenotype ratios for a monohybrid cross

Answer 62

1:2:1 -genotype 3:1- phenotype

Question 63

when in meiosis does segregation occur

Answer 63

anaphase 1

Question 64

phenotypic ratio of dihybrid cross

Answer 64

9:3:3:1 for heterozygous

Question 65

mendels law of independent assortment

Answer 65

non-homologous chromosomes and their alleles assort independently of each other

Question 66

what is the product law

Answer 66

"and"- multiplication

Question 67

what is the sum law

Answer 67

"or" -adding

Question 68

equation for at least problems

Answer 68

1-(none)