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Environmental Physiology of Animals > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

what is animal physiology?

A

processes that happen in animals

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2
Q

examples of animal physiological processes

A

homeostasis, metabolism, respiration

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3
Q

comparative physiology

A

general functions of animals by comparison

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4
Q

physiological ecology

A

how animals function and respond to their environment

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5
Q

evolutionary physiology

A

understand why features arise due to natural selection

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6
Q

central dogma

A

replication, transcription, translation

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7
Q

features of the environment

A

nature, weather, where something lives, external stimulus, biotic vs abiotic

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8
Q

adaptation

A

a beneficial phenotype/trait that helps an animal survive, formed by natural selection

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9
Q

natural selection

A

a process by which favorable traits are passed down and bad traits die out

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10
Q

natural selection mnemonic

A

natural selection is very fine: inherited, variable, fitness

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11
Q

forces leading to the evolution

A

genetic drift, bottlenecking

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12
Q

comparing species

A

relatedness influences evolution

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13
Q

phylogenetic comparative analyses

A

allow for comparisons between species (parsimony)

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14
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

individual’s ability to produce a different trait or trait value in response to their environment

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15
Q

acclimatization

A

plasticity at the physiological level in response to an environmental change. generally referring to processes restoring homeostasis

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16
Q

developmental phenotypic plasticity

A

ex: water fleas growing a head spine when exposed to predators. irreversible

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17
Q

acclimatization responses

A

any physiological response that is flexible, reversible, and critical to maintaining homeostasis. ex: hemoglobin response

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18
Q

what do animals do when confronted with a change in their environment

A

avoid, conform, regulate

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19
Q

avoid

A

“oh hell no,” burrowing, diapause, seek other microclimates

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20
Q

conform

A

go with the environment, ex, ectotherms

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21
Q

regulate

A

maintain constancy. ex: endotherms maintain their own temperature

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22
Q

hyperregulator

A

freshwater fish maintains higher salt in body than environment

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23
Q

hyporegulator

A

saltwater fish maintains lower salt in body than in environment

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24
Q
A
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25
metabolism principles
energy needed for physiological processes. ATP
26
sodium-potassium pump
diffusion vs ATP used
27
catabolism
breakdown of carbon to make ATP. oxidation of carbon via aerobic or anaerobic processes.
28
glycolysis
take a 6C sugar, make some ATP + end product (2 pyruvate)
29
oxidative, aerobic metabolism with our two pyruvates
they go to the Krebs Cycle, which converts Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA
30
metabolizing fat compared to other
gives more ATP, but oxygen is the limiting ingredient
31
evolution of mitochondria
endosymbiont theory
32
evidence for endosymbiont theory
mitochondrial double membrane, mitochondrial genome, and mitochondrial genes are more closely related to bacteria than eukarya
33
metabolic rate
total energy metabolized by an animal per unit of time
34
anabolism
building of complex biomolecules (proteins) using ATP. needs food and O2
35
how is metabolic rate measured
indirectly
36
ways to measure metabolic rate
energy rate of food-waste, amount of heat produced, amount of metabolic waste produced, amount of 02 consumed
37
O2 consumption is proportional to
aerobic metabolism
38
is metabolic rate temperature-dependent?
yes
39
as temp increases...metabolic rate
increases in ectotherms and stays the same in endotherms
40
metabolic scope
energy cost of activity relative to SMR or BMR
41
factorial aerobc scope
MMR/BMR
42
can BMR g above the MMR
no, you would die
43
what fuel do we get the most energy from
fat
44
respiratory quotient (rq)
CO2 formed/O2 used
45
what can the rq tell you
what kind of fuel your body is using
46
metabolic rate ___ with body size
increases
47
why does metabolic rate increase with body size
more animal to maintain
48
in endotherms, mass-specific metabolic rate ___ with size
decreases
49
if a structure and process grow 1:1
isometrically
50
if a structure and process does not grow 1:1
allometrically *most physiological processes
51
why do smaller animals have higher rates ( I don't remember this)
small guys lose heat fast because they have more surface area/volume to lose heat faster
52
oxygen in respiration
ensures the flow of electrons through ETC and, thus, ATP production
53
what is the partial pressure of O2
% gas x total pressure
54
PO2 at sea level
2 atm, 160 Torr, 20.13 kPa
55
anoxic
no O2
56
hypoxic
low O2
57
what is diffusion
cutaneous exchange, simplest way to get O2 in wet environments
58
how do insects respire
tracheal systems with muscle-controlled spiracles
59
what are lungs
respiratory organs in which the body surface is invaginated
60
purpose of lungs
move the medium or move in the medium and requires a circulatory system. medium=air or water
61
how is the diaphragm involved in breathing
it expands and contracts to pull air in and push air out
62
why do we have so many small alveoli
it increases our surface area
63
how do frogs ventilate their lungs
buccal pumping
64
how do birds ventilate their lungs
unidirectional flow of air
65
what are gills
respiratory organs that are evaginated
66
tuft gills
raised skin or slightly elaborated surface structures
67
filament gills
gills with a more elaborated internal blood flow structure
68
fish gills
sit under the operculum, the mouth opening and closing makes suction to pull water in
69
hypoxic ventilatory response
hematopoietic response and the carotid body activating sns
70
hematopoietic response
make more red blood cells
71
respiratory pigments
pick up and bind oxygen in the blood
72
why do we have respiratory pigments?
they increase the rate of gas transport 2-60x
73
metal in Hb
iron
74
Hb is
tetrameric, derived from myoglobin (2 alpha, 2 beta chains)
75
myoglobin is
monomeric and stores O2 in muscles
76
how is Hb's affinity for O2 affected by abundance of O2
cooperative binding - once 1 O2 is picked up, you're primed to pick up more O2. because it's an allosteric-natured protein, binding to it changes confirmation and property of the protein
77
oxygen equilibrium curve
amount of O2 bound to 1 mol pigment varies w PO2 in plasma Hb + O2<-->H6O2
78
affinity of Hb for O2 is ___ in metabolizing tissues
reduced
79
why is Hb affinity for O2 reduced in metabolizing tissues
pH is lower, so Hb lets go of O2 much faster
80
carbonic acid equation
CO2 + H2O<-->H2CO3<-->H + HCO3
81
left-shifted affinity curve
harder for Hb to give up O2

Environmental Physiology of Animals (1 decks)

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