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Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

nulceic acids are made of…

A

-phosphate group
-sugar
-nucleotide

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2
Q

why do some things form hydrogen bonds while others dont

A

only the most electronegative can (FON)

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3
Q

what is a cell wall made of

A

complex carbs

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4
Q

are fatty acids polar or non-polar

A

non-polar

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5
Q

are sugars polar or non-polar

A

polar

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6
Q

what is precision medicine

A

looking at how variants in genes affect reaction to medicine

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7
Q

what is the “All of Us” cohort

A

-data sharing that allows POC to have more info applicable to their healthcare

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8
Q

chemical formula of glucose

A

C6H12O6

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9
Q

structure of a fatty acid

A

-hydrocarbon chain
-carboxyl group

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10
Q

structure of a phospholipid

A

-hydrophilic head
-hydrophobic tail

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11
Q

structure of a triglyceride

A

-3 fatty acids (connected by oxygens @ the carboxyl group)

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12
Q

What functional group is COOH?

A

carboxyl group

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13
Q

how many amino acids are there

A

20

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14
Q

how do you distinguish amino acids

A

the R group

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15
Q

Are proteins hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

both

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16
Q

Where are ribosomes located in a cell?

A

-cytoplasm
-ER

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17
Q

what is the purpose of a protein channel

A

to get the proteins from the ribosome to the ER

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18
Q

structure of an amino acid

A

-r group
-amino acid
-carboxyl group

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19
Q

which nucleotide bases pair with two bonds

A

A T

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20
Q

which nucleotide bases pair with three bonds

A

C G

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21
Q

differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA
-deoxyribose sugar
-ATCG
-2 strands

RNA
-ribose sugar
-AUCG
-1 strand

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22
Q

nucleotides use what kinds of bonds

A

hydrogen bonds

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23
Q

what is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose sugars

A

deoxyribose has one less oxygen

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24
Q

5’ vs 3’ ends

A

5’ has a phosphate group
3’ has a sugar

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25
how do you read DNA
5' to 3'
26
DNA backbone is made of
phosphate groups and sugar backbone
27
DNA strands (topvsbottom)
(+) coding, (-) non-coding, complementary, template
28
DNA and RNA polymerase
DNA Polymerase- copies DNA into more DNA RNA polymerase- transcription
29
how many bonds can phosphorus make
5
30
what makes ATP a good energy source
it contains phosphodiester bonds which hold a lot of energy
31
formula for energy use
ATP-> PO4 +ADP -> PO4 +AMP
32
two co-enzymes that are considered "energy molecules", how much ATP each
NADH+H⁺ 2 1/2 ATP FADH₂ 1 1/2 ATP
33
two ways of making ATP, which uses oxygen, where
oxidative phosphorylation -aerobic -uses oxygen -mitochondria substrate level phosphorylation -anaerobic -no oxygen -cytoplasm
34
overall glucose metabolism equation
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 32 ATP +HEAT
35
four steps of glucose metabolism
1. Glycolysis 2. Transition Reaction 3. Krebs Cycle 4. Oxidative Phosphorylation
36
What is the difference between a slow progression and fast progression of a disease?
Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death) clean Necrosis (Uncontrolled Cell Death) messy spreads disease
37
what's HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
38
purines
-adenine -guanine
39
pyrimidines
-cytosine -thymine/uracil
40
glycolysis equation
sugar + 2ATP -> 2NADH+H + 4ATP + 2pyruvate
41
transition reaction equation
2pyruvate -> 2CO2 + 2NADH+H + 2AcetylCoA
42
Kreb's Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle equation (ONE ROUND)
2AcetylCoA -> 4CO2 + 2ATP + 6NADH+H + 2FADH2
43
electron transport chain equation (FADH2)
1/2O2 + FADH2 -> H2O + 1.5ATP + FAD
44
electron transport chain equation (NADH+H)
1/2O2 + NADH+H -> H2O + 2.5ATP + NAD
45
where does each step of glucose metabolism take place
glycolysis- cytoplasm transition reaction- mitochondria krebs cycle- mitochondria electron transport chain- inner membrane mitochondria
46
In the activation step of glycolysis, what and how much energy is used?
2 ATP are used
47
How many pyruvate does glycolysis make? How many carbons are on each pyruvate? Where did these carbons come from?
2 pyruvate made, 3 carbons on each, they came from the glucose molecule that was split
48
How many and what type of energy molecules are used and produced during glycolysis? What is the net gain of energy produced?
2 ATP used, 4 ATP produced, 2NADH+H produced-> 5 ATP so, net gain of 7 ATP
49
What steps of metabolism use substrate-level phosphorylation?
-glycolysis -krebs
50
what is substrate-level phosphorylation?
ONLY adding a phosphate group to ADP and making it ATP
51
How many and what type of energy molecules are used and produced during the Kreb’s Cycle?
none used 2 ATP, 6 NADH+H, 2 FADH2 produced
52
What steps of glucose metabolism release carbon dioxide? Where does the carbons come from to make carbon dioxide? Can you account for all carbons?
-transition reaction -krebs cycle the carbons come from the C that were in glucose an either turned into pyruvate or AcetylCoA
53
What is special about Fatty Acids in the Citric Acid Cycle? Explain how they relate to one another.
fatty acids participate in the krebs just like sugars bc both make AcetylCoA
54
complex I
-hydrogen pump/e- collector -NADH+H
55
complex II
-NOT hydrogen pump/e- collector -FADH2
56
coenzyme Q
carries e- from complex (I and II ->III)
57
complex III
-hydrogen pump/e- collector
58
complex IV
-hydrogen pump/e- collector -produces H2O with e-
59
cytochrome C
carries e- from complex III to IV
60
atp synthase
-hydrogen pump IN -(ADP + Pi -> ATP)
61
hydrogen concentration mitochondria (intermembrane space vs matrix)
intermembrane: high concentration matrix: low concentration
62
What molecule interacts with complex I? What molecule interacts with complex II?
complex I: NADH+H complex II: FADH2
63
What complex in oxidative phosphorylation uses O2 and produces H2O?
complex IV
64
NADH+H VS FADH2
NADH+H -complex I -2.5 ATP FADH2 -complex II -1.5 ATP
65
aerobic vs anaerobic
aerobic -needs oxygen -mitochondria -steps 2,3,4 anaerobic -no oxygen -cytoplasm -step 1
66
where does RNA polymerase bond
to the promoter of the (-) strand
67
introns vs exons
introns -copied -not used exons -copied -used -coding sequence
68
how and why is mRNA spliced
spliced by proteins, to cut out introns and smush exons together into a strand
69
where does mRNA processing happen
in the nucleus
70
How many mRNA nucleotides are included per codon?
3
71
What is the start codon? What amino acid does it code for?
AUG = start codon codes for Met (Methionine)
72
where do amino acids come from
-we eat them -or we synthesize them
73
How do we make sure the right amino acid gets to the right tRNA? What is it called?
aminoacyl tRNA synthase -reads tRNA code and matches amino acids to it
74
small vs large subunits
small -underneath -reads the mRNA codons to ensure correct anticodon-codon pairing large -around tRNA -responsible for the peptide bond formation between amino acids

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