Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PHRM865 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(83 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What temperature is classified as a fever?

A

> 38ºC (100.4ºF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What drugs can cause a drug-induced fever?

A

-beta-lactams
-sulfonamides
-anticonvulsants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are systemic signs of an infection?

A

-hypotension
-tachycardia
-tachypnea
-fever
-abnormal WBC count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What four criteria indicate systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)?

A

-tachycardia
-tachypnea
-fever
-abnormal WBC count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are non-infectious causes of an elevated WBC count?

A

-steroids
-leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most common WBC that fights infections?

A

mature neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the types of mature neutrophils?

A

-PMNs
-polys
-segs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What WBC is increased during infections and called a “left shift?”

A

immature neutrophils (bands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What WBC is involved in allergic reactions and an immune response to parasites?

A

eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What WBC is associated with hypersensitivity reactions?

A

basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What WBC induces humoral and cell-mediated immunity?

A

lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What WBC matures into macrophages and serves as scavengers for foreign substances?

A

monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of infection is associated with leukocytosis?

A

bacterial infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What types of infection is associated with lymphocytosis?

A

viral, fungal, or tuberculosis infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How should procalcitonin be measured during hospitalization to assess response to therapy and when to discontinue antibiotics?

A

serial measurements every 1-2 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

A

lowest antimicrobial concentration that prevents visible growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

breakpoint

A

MIC or zone diameter value used to categorize an organism as susceptible, susceptible-dose dependent, intermediate, resistant, or non-susceptible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What lab test is the gold standard for MIC testing?

A

broth dilution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What cannot be derived from a disk diffusion assay?

A

MIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the mnemonic for factors to consider when selecting an antibiotic?

A

Infections Scare People So Really Practice Memorizing Drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the mnemonic for factors to consider when selecting an antibiotic stand for?

A

-indication
-source
-pathogens
-spectrum of activity
-resistance patterns
-PK/PD parameters
-monitoring parameters
-duration of therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are symptoms that may indicate the presence of an infection?

A

-chills
-rigors
-malaise
-mental status changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What change in WBC count drastically increases the risk of infection?

A

neutropenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What two acute phase reactants indicate inflammation when increased, but do not confirm infection?

A

ESR and CRP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
When are gradient strip tests used for susceptibility testing?
-for newer agents without other means of testing -for agents that may not be in standard panels for automated testing
26
What are examples of antimicrobial stewardship strategies?
-antibiotic de-escalation -prospective audit and feedback -pre-authorization -antibiotic timeout -development of policies and protocols aimed at optimizing antimicrobial use -creation of order sets aimed at optimal antibiotic selection for different disease states
27
What are the core elements of an antimicrobial stewardship program?
-leadership commitment -accountability -pharmacy expertise -action -tracking -reporting -education
28
What color is Gram-positive bacteria stained?
purple
29
What shapes are Gram-positive bacteria?
cocci and bacilli
30
How are each of the Gram-positive bacteria shapes further differentiated?
anaerobic vs. aerobic
31
What is the prefix of bacteria that are Gram-positive, anaerobic cocci?
pepto
32
How are Gram-positive aerobic bacteria further differentiated?
clusters vs. pairs/chains
33
Are clusters catalase positive or negative?
positive
34
How are Gram-positive, aerobic cocci clusters further differentiated?
coagulase +/-
35
What bacteria is Gram-positive, aerobic cocci clusters that are coagulase positive?
Staphylococcus aureus
36
What bacteria is Gram-positive, aerobic cocci clusters that are coagulase negative?
Staphylococcus epidermidis
37
How are Gram-positive, aerobic cocci pairs/chains further differentiated?
alpha, beta, or gamma hemolysis
38
What bacteria are Gram-positive, aerobic cocci pairs/chains with alpha hemolysis?
-Streptococcus pneumoniae -Viridans streptococci
39
What bacteria are Gram-positive, aerobic cocci pairs/chains with beta hemolysis?
-Streptococcus pyogenes -Streptococcus agalactiae
40
What bacteria are Gram-positive, aerobic cocci pairs/chains with gamma hemolysis?
Enterococcus species
41
What bacteria are Gram-positive, anaerobic bacilli?
-Clostridium species -Clostridioides difficile -Cutibacterium -Actinomyces
42
What bacteria are Gram-positive aerobic bacilli?
-Bacillus -Corynebacterium -Lactobacillus species -Listeria monocytogenes
43
Which bacteria shape is more medically important for Gram-positive bacteria?
cocci
44
What bacteria are Gram-negative cocci?
-Neisseria -Moraxella
44
What shapes are Gram-negative bacteria?
-cocci -coccobacilli -bacilli
44
What bacteria is Gram-negative coccobacilli?
Haemophilus
45
How are Gram-negative bacilli further differentiated?
anaerobic vs. aerobic
46
What bacteria are Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli?
-Bacteroides -Veillonella species -Fusobacterium -Prevotella
47
How are Gram-negative aerobic bacilli further differentiated?
-fastidious -non-enteric -enterobacterales
48
What bacteria are Gram-negative, aerobic, fastidious bacilli?
-Campylobacter -Helicobacter -Bartonella -HACEK
49
What bacteria are Gram-negative, aerobic bacilli that are lactose fermenters?
-Vibro cholerae -Aeromonas hydrophilia -Pasteurella multocida
50
What bacteria are Gram-negative, aerobic bacilli that are non-lactose fermenters?
-Acinetobacter species -Alcaligenes species -Burkholderia cepacia -Pseudomonas species -Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
51
How are Gram-negative, aerobic, enterobacterales bacilli further differentiated?
lactose vs. non-lactose fermenters
52
What bacteria are Gram-negative, aerobic, enterobacterales bacilli that are lactose fermenters?
-Citrobacter species -E. coli -Enterobacter species -Klebsiella species
53
What bacteria are Gram-negative aerobic, enterobacterales bacilli that are non-lactose fermenters?
-Morganella morganii -Proteus species -Providencia species -Salmonella species -Shigella species -Serratia marcescens
54
What is an acronym to remember the Gram-negative, aerobic, enterobacterales bacilli that are lactose fermenters?
CEEK lactose
55
What are the types of Amber Class A beta-lactamases?
-narrow spectrum beta-lactamases -extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) -serine carbapenemases
56
What are the Amber Class B beta-lactamases?
metallo-beta-lactamases
57
What are the Amber Class C beta-lactamases?
cephalosporinases
58
What are the Amber Class D beta-lactamases?
OXA-type
59
What is the most common type of ESBL in the U.S.?
CTX-M
60
What bacteria are CTX-M most prevalent in?
-E. coli -Klebsiella pneumoniae/oxytoca -Proteus mirabilis
61
What is the treatment of choice for ESBLs?
carbapenems
62
What is the most common type of carbapenemase?
KPC
63
What bacteria are KPC found in?
-K. pneumoniae -K. oxytoca -E. coli -E. cloacae -E. aerogenes -P. mirabilis
64
What are the treatment options for carbapenemases?
-beta-lactam with beta-lactamase inhibitor -plazomicin -eravacycline -omadacycline
65
What is the most common type of metallo-beta-lactamase?
NDM
66
What are the treatment options for metallo-beta-lactamases?
-cefiderocol -aztreonam + ceftazidime/avibactam
67
What bacteria are OXA-type found in?
-Acinetobacter baumannii -Pseudomonas aeruginosa
68
What are the treatment options for OXA-type?
-cefiderocol -sulbactam/durlobactam
69
What is the acronym for bacteria that AmpC is present in?
HECK YES MA'AM
70
What bacteria have AmpC present?
-Hafnia alvei -Enterobacter cloacae -Citrobacter freundii -Klebsiella aerogenes -Yersinia entercolitica -Serratia marcescens -Morganella morganii -Aeromonas hydrophila
71
What is the first-line treatment for AmpC?
cefepime
72
What is an example of an altered cell wall precursor resistance mechanism?
vancomycin resistance in Enterococci species
73
What two genes mediate vancomycin resistance in Enterococci species?
VanA and VanB
74
What gene produces altered penicillin binding proteins?
mecA
75
What are two examples of resistance mechanisms due to changes in efflux pumps?
-P. aeruginosa against carbapenems -S. pneumoniae against macrolide antibiotics
76
What are two examples of resistance mechanisms due to changes in porin channels?
-Enterobacterales -carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa
77
Are beta-lactams time- or concentration-dependent?
time-dependent
78
Are fluoroquinolones time- or concentration-dependent?
concentration-dependent
79
Are aminoglycosides time- or concentration-dependent?
concentration-dependent
80
What is vancomycin PK/PD dependent on?
AUC/MIC
81
What are strategies to optimize beta-lactam dosing?
-increase dose, same interval -same dose, shorter interval -continuous infusion -prolonged infusions

PHRM865 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions