Exam 1 Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Mental Illness
A
= pattern of behavior, thinking, or feeling that causes
○ Significant personal distress
○ Interference in daily functioning (Whitney & Peterson, 2019)
2
Q
Clinical Psychology
A
= psychological specialty that provides
○ Assessment and behavioral health care
○ Consultation with agencies and communities
○ Training, education, supervision, research to inform of its practices
○ Relies on clinical psychologists
3
Q
Which professionals discussed are unregulated?
A
- Psychotherapist, Life coach, and other unregulated terms
○ Don’t require:
§ Documentation of appropriate professional training
§ Passing a licensing exam
§ Maintaining current knowledge (continuing education)
Not the same services as professional and paraprofessional services
4
Q
Subdiscipline: Developmental psychologists
A
= the change of psychological processes over the life span
§ Tell you how to best practices for behavioral modification for disorders
§ Know what is normal and abnormal, know developmental milestones
§ Conduct assessments
5
Q
What are the 5 sub disciplines delineated for Psychologists?
A
-Developmental psychologists
-Social psychologists
-Cognitive psychologists
-Behavioral neuroscientists
-Quantitative psychologists
6
Q
Subdiscipline: Social psychologists
A
= individual and group interaction
§ Inter= between people
(Introduce self to others)
§ Intra= within self
(Know self)
7
Q
Subdiscipline: Cognitive psychologists
A
=mental processes
§ Look at cognitive abilities; reaction times, ability for digit span
8
Q
Subdiscipline: Behavioral neuroscientists
A
= biology of behavior
§ Don’t provide therapy
9
Q
Subdiscipline: Quantitative psychologists
A
=Statistical procedures
10
Q
From what college within universities are most school ad counseling degrees awarded?
A
College of education
11
Q
What are the 2 largest groups of professionals in mental health?
A
-Social workers
-Counseling
12
Q
Social Workers
A
§ Provide psychological treatment to individuals, groups
§ Focus on familial and sociocultural factors underlying psychopathology
§ Involved with everyday lives, stresses of patients
○ Visits environments where patients spend bulk lives (Homes, workplaces, etc.)
§ A third of mental health professionals
○ Work for public agencies, mental health teams, private practice
Low-cost alternative to psychiatrists and psychologists
13
Q
Counseling Psychology
A
§ Work with healthy individuals, or those with adjustment problems
§ Work in counseling centers on university campuses or within communities, and K-12 schools
§ Address social relationships, education decisions, career decisions, mild to moderate anxiety, eating disorder risks, individualized educational plans based on needs
§ Measure academic abilities, personality, interests, vocational aptitude
§ PhD= philosophical degree
§ PsyD= psychology to be clinicians
EED
14
Q
Why do clinical psychologists employ evidence-based practice and integrate a diversity/multicultural perspective in their daily work?
A
○ Employ scientific findings to inform and work with clients
○ Continue to add to literature, which other clinicians subscribe
15
Q
How do clinical psychologists employ evidence-based practice and integrate a diversity/multicultural perspective in their daily work?
A
○ By creating culturally informed resources to sensitively assist members of all diverse groups
○ By increasing representation of diverse clinical psychologists in training, leadership positions
○ By incorporating diversity factors in decision-making processes when assessing and treating patients
○ By including diverse, underrepresented populations in research
16
Q
Who was Lightner Wilmer and what is he credited with?
A
=The Father of Clinical Psychology
* Opened the first psychological clinic (dedicated to helping children with learning disabilities)
* Also started the first clinical psychology journal ( The Psychological Clinic), where he coined the term “clinical psychology”, defined as “the study of individuals, by observation or experimentation, with the intention of promoting change.”
17
Q
What are the 5 major historical timepoints/events that the author of our textbook pointed to as major in the progression of clinical psychology?
(In order)
A
-First psychological clinic
-WWI
-WWII
-Boulder Model
-Vail Model
18
Q
Major historical timepoints/events: WWI
A
○ Army Alpha (verbal tests) & Army Beta (nonverbal tests) to assess skills
19
Q
Major historical timepoints/events: WWII
A
○ Addressed symptoms of trauma (‘shell shock”; PTSD) in military personnel
20
Q
Major historical timepoints/events: Boulder Model
A
○ Scientist 1st, interested in the research
○ Practitioner 2nd, on the side
○ Produced a doctorate of philosophy
○ PhD; pay you
21
Q
Major historical timepoints/events: Vail Model
A
○ Practitioner 1st, helping people
○ Scholar 2nd
PsyD; pay them
22
Q
What is the emphasis of the Clinical-scientist model?
A
○ Students receive clinical training in evidence-based practice and conduct research with a mentor
23
Q
What are the major activities of clinical psychologists?
A
-Intervention
-Diagnosis/Assessment
-Research
24
Q
Major activities of clinical psychologists: Intervention
A
Providing psychological treatments one-to-one, or to groups; guided by research
25
Major activities of clinical psychologists: Diagnosis/Assessment
Diagnose the problem, and assess success of treatment using tests
26
Major activities of clinical psychologists: Research
Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders, intervention effectiveness, assessments
27
Besides Intervention, Diagnosis/Assessment, and Research, what else can clinical psychologists do?
○ Teaching
§ Colleges, universities, and undergraduate courses
○ Clinical supervision
§ Of trainees
○ Consultation
§ To companies, legal system, physicians
○ Administration
-Managing client records, serving on university or departmental committees
28
What is the basis for the Boulder Model?
"Scientist Practitioner Model"
○ Puts scientist first; important for those practicing clinical psychology to understand the science behind it
○ A systematic union between clinical skill and logical empiricism of science
○ Graduates able to read, understand, contribute to, critique, and utilize science when considering treatment decisions in mental health
○ Clinicians contribute to clinical knowledge by translating experiences into testable hypotheses
○ Clients' progress evaluated scientifically
○ Treatments selected using empirical evidence
-practice orientation
-career outcomes
29
Basics of the Vail model
Practitioner-Scholar Model
○ Proposed after the critics of the Boulder model in 1973
○ Emphasizes more practice, less science
○ PsyD, similar to the first 2 years of training in PhD programs + years 3-4 more therapeutic experience
30
Basics of the Clinical-Scientist Model
Instruction of empirical methods of research with clinical work
-Research emphasis
-Evidence-based focus
31
What does the Boulder model emphasize and lead to?
PhD (Doctorate in philosophy in psychology)
○ Practice orientation
* Scientist-practitioner model gives more equal weight to clinical practice skills
○ Career Outcomes
* Scientist-practitioner model graduates may be more evenly split between research and practice careers
32
What does the Vail model emphasize and lead to?
PsyD (Doctor of psychology)
○ Emphasizes more practice, less science
33
What does the Clinical-scientist model emphasize and lead to?
○ Research emphasis
* Clinical-scientist model places more weight on research training
○ Evidence-based focus
Clinical-scientist model has a stronger emphasis on using only empirically supported treatments
34
Who is Richard McFall?
Spearheaded the Clinical-Scientist Model
35
Why did Richard McFall push the Clinical-Scientist Model?
○ Important to continually evaluate the evidence
○ Revise methods through seeing the effects
○ Reasoned legitimacy of science in training and in practice of clinical psychologists
"Manifesto for a Science of Clinical Psychology"
36
What is the "Manifesto for a Science of Clinical Psychology" by Richard McFall?
1. Scientific clinical psychology is the only legitimate and acceptable form of clinical psychology (p. 76).
2. Psychological services should not be administered to the public (except under strict experimental control) until they have satisfied these four minimal criteria:
* The exact nature of the service must be described clearly.
* The claimed benefits of the service must be stated explicitly.
* These claimed benefits must be validated scientifically.
* Possible negative side effects that outweigh any benefits must be ruled out empirically. (p. 80)
3. The primary and overriding objectives of doctoral training programs in clinical psychology must be to produce the most competent clinical scientists possible (p. 84).
37
APS
Association for Psychological Science
○ Clinical aspect of things
○ Smaller group, slimmer focus
○ Emerged the clinical-scientist model of training involves instruction in empirical methods of research
○ Promotes scientific psychology across all its subdivisions
○ Individual psychologists (~30,000 members)
○ Scope: Broad, covers all areas of scientific psychology
○ Primary goal: Advance scientific psychology in research, application, and education
38
APA
American Psychological Association
○ Represents psychology as both a scientific discipline and a profession
○ Largest, diverse membership (~130,000 members)
○ Scope: Broadest, covers all aspects of psychology including practice, research, and education
○ Primary goal: Advance psychology to benefit society and improve lives
39
What are the two major accrediting bodies for clinical psychology Ph.D.s?
-American Psychological Association (APA)- FSU accredited body
-Academy of Psychological Clinical Science (APCS)
40
Which of the two major accrediting bodies for clinical psychology Ph.D.s aligns with the EPPP?
41
What is the EPPP?
It is the Examination of Professional Practice in Psychology that tests for General knowledge and Competencies
42
What does the testing for part 1 of the EPPP cover?
General knowledge
1. Biological bases of behavior
2. Cognitive-affective bases of behavior
3. Social and cultural bases of behavior
4. Growth and life span development
5. Assessment and diagnosis
6. Treatment, intervention, prevention, and supervision
7. Research methods and statistics
8. Ethical, legal, and professional issues
43
What does the testing for part 2 of the EPPP cover?
Competencies
1. Scientific orientation
2. Assessment and intervention
3. Relational competence
4. Professionalism
5. Ethical practice
6. Collaboration, consultation, and supervision
44
Supervised clinical hours are anywhere from 1500 to 6000 depending on the state or province. In Florida, how many hours for pre-doctoral internship? How many supervised post-doctoral fellowship hours?
2,000 hour pre-doctoral internship and PhD graduate
+ 2,000 hours of post-doctoral fellowship supervised clinical experience
= 4,000 Supervised clinical hours
45
Can you take the EPPP while you are doing your post-doctoral supervised hours?
Yes, but not be able to be awarded until after your post-doctoral supervised hours are completed
46
What is the other state examination that occurs in addition to the EPPP?
* A state, or province, or territory-specific jurisprudence exam determined by the state or provincial board of psychology
-Licensure as a psychologist
47
Why is Licensing and Credentialing important in the field?
Ensure consistent practices in the field and assess:
* Knowledge in broad bases of human behavior
* Competencies needed to ethically and appropriately work with clients
* Information specific to state laws regarding ethics, regulations, and rules relevant to practice of psychology that may vary across different locations
48
Once you are licensed to practice in one state, do you have to have to take the exams to practice in a different state?
* Many states have either joined or enacted legislation to participate in PSYPACT, and licensed psychologists in those states can apply for interstate practice privileges under this agreement.
* Only licensed psychologists can seek certifications through PSYPACT.
* The PSYPACT allows greater access to mental health services for clients and opportunities to expand service provision for psychologists. Before PSYPACT, psychologists could only provide clinical services in person and to clients in the state where the psychologist is licensed.
* Allow people to practice across state lines
49
Psychology Interjurisdictional Compact (PSYPACT)=
an interstate agreement designed to facilitate the practice of telepsychology and temporary in-person, face-to-face practice of psychology across state boundaries
50
APIT
(Authority to Practice Interjurisdictional Telepsychology )
-Zoom
* Psychologists licensed in states that have enacted PSYPACT legislation can apply for Authority to Practice Interjurisdictional Telepsychology (APIT™) and an E. Passport certificate through the ASPPB.
-allow teletherapy practice across state lines and with clients in other PSYPACT states.
-Ex: a psychologist licensed in Illinois and holds an active APIT and E. Passport can provide teletherapy for a client who resides in Tennessee without having to be licensed in Tennessee.
51
IPC
(Interjurisdictional Practice Certificate)
-Temporary In-Person
Provide temporary, in-person, face-to-face clinical services in PSYPACT participating states. An IPC allows psychologists to practice psychology for up to 30 days per year in PSYPACT states without obtaining additional licenses.
52
Board Certification
=documents expertise within a specific specialty area is psychology
53
Which organization handles Board certification in America?
* American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP) offers certification of professional competence in most specialty areas
* Certification includes:
-verification of credentials
-handling of clinical cases
-oral examination (by expert peer experts)
54
What are the 3 major specialties in clinical psychology?
-Clinical child/adolescent psychology
-Clinical health (and pediatric) psychology
-Adult clinical psychology
55
Clinical child/adolescent psychology
Develops and applies scientific knowledge to the delivery of psychological services to infants, toddlers, children, and adolescents within their social context
56
What are the several themes of Clinical child/adolescent psychology?
* Externalizing disorders
□ Conduct disorder
□ ADD/ADHD
* Internalizing disorders
□ Anxiety or depression
* Developmental and intellectual disorders
□ Autism
* Serious mental illness
□ OCD
□ Dissociative Disorder
□ Schizophrenia
57
What do the bodies of literature in Clinical child/adolescent psychology examine?
* Causes and consequences of symptoms
* Effcacious and effective treatments
* Prevention strategies
* Co-occurring problems and disorders
* Researchers study interaction of biological, neurological, genetic factors, psychosocial factors
58
Clinical health (and pediatric) psychology
Focuses on promoting health and well-being, preventing, treating, and managing medical illness and physical disability
-Health psychologists
-Pediatric psychologists
59
Health psychologists
Focus on symptoms or adjustment related to physical health
Ex: Amputation, born deficit in physical abilities
60
Pediatric psychologists
* Whether individuals with physical illnesses experience psychological maladjustment
* Using psychological interventions for medical regimens; help reduce health symptoms
* Factors related to health/risk injurious behaviors
* Association between psychological and physical health
61
Adult Clinical Psychology
* Provides continuing and comprehensive mental and behavioral health care for individuals and families; consultation to agencies and communities; training, education, and supervision; and research-based practice
* Represent majority of all clinical psychologists
Work in universities, medical and counseling centers
62
Themes of research and clinical work in Adult Clinical Psychology
* Mood and anxiety disorders
* Substance use problems
* Personality and personality disorders
* Eating disorders
* Schizophrenia
* Bipolar disorder
* Examine symptoms, treatments, and co-morbidity
-Geropsychologists
63
Who do Geropsychologists work with?
with the elderly
64
Clinical health psychology
Focuses on promoting health and well-being, and preventing, treating, and managing medical illness and physical disability
65
What are the 5 general principles that GUIDE the practice of clinical psychology?
-Beneficience and nonmaleficence
-Fidelity and responsibility
-Integrity
-Justice
-Respect for people's rights and dignity
66
General guiding principles of Clinical psychology: Beneficence and nonmaleficence
= strive to benefit those they serve and do no harm
67
Beneficence
= bring most benefit to patient
68
Nonmaleficence
= do no harm to the patient
69
General guiding principles of Clinical psychology: Fidelity and responsibility
psychologists have professional and scientific responsibilities to society and to establish relationships characterized by trust
○ Ex: Teacher-student relationship, Marriage relationship
○ Responsibility to society
70
General guiding principles of Clinical psychology: Integrity
= all activities to be accurate, honest, and truthful
71
General guiding principles of Clinical psychology: Justice
= all persons are entitled to access to and benefit from the profession of psychology
○ Psychologists should also be able to recognize their biases and boundaries of competence
72
General guiding principles of Clinical psychology: Respect for people's rights and dignity
= psychologists respect the rights and dignity of all people and enact safeguards to ensure protection of these right
73
Who was Nicholas Hobbs?
Nicholas Hobbs stated The Mission Statement for First Ethics Code
74
What is Nicholas Hobbs Mission Statement for First Ethics Code?
"These rules should do much more than help the unethical psychologist keep out of trouble; they should be palpable aid to the ethical psychologist in making daily decisions"
75
What do you know about the APA's Ethical Standards of Psychologists?
* For APA Members there are specific Ethical standards that are enforceable rules of conduct and violation may result in reprimand or censuring from the APA, or termination from the APA
* Code of ethics: As pertains to psychologists, enforceable rules of professional conduct identified by the American Psychological Association (APA).
*The most current Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct presents five general principles as well as specific ethical standards relevant to various activities of clinical psychologists—assessment, intervention, treatment, research, forensic activities, and so on (American Psychological Association, 2002).
76
When was the first tentative code released?
1951
77
When was the latest revision of the first tentative code?
2002
78
When was the latest amended version of the tentative code?
2010 The Ethical
Principles of Psychologists and Code of
Conduct
-applies to activities of clinical
psychologists
79
Bounds of competence; Competence=
An ethical principle that calls upon psychologists to recognize the boundaries of their professional expertise and to keep up-to-date on information relevant to the services they provide.
○ Clinicians should not attempt to use treatment or assessment procedures for which they lack specific training or supervised experience.
○ Clinicians must be sensitive to treatment or assessment issues that could be influenced by a client’s gender, ethnic or racial background, age, sexual orientation, religion, disability, or socioeconomic status.
When clinicians offer services when other providers are unavailable, they are expected to engage in peer supervision from colleagues who have competence in the areas they lack.
80
Confidentiality
= an ethical principle that calls upon psychologists to respect and protect the information shared with them by clients, disclosing this information only when they have obtained the client’s consent (except in extraordinary cases in which failing to disclose the information would place the client or others at clear risk for harm)
81
What are four instances when a psychologist can and does act against the wishes of the client?
○ When someone may be at harm/risk
○ When a client has been harmed
○ When a client may attempt fatal harm to self
○ When client is a minor
82
Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (Berkeley) case
= a landmark case in which the California Supreme Court ruled that a therapist (Moore) was legally remiss for not informing all appropriate parties of a client’s (Prosenjit Poddar) intention to harm another (Tatiana Tarasoff).
83
What does the Tarasoff case mean for those practicing today
-Established a therapist’s “duty to protect.”
○ Sets precedent of no harm to others (expectation set during informed consent
84
Informed consent
= the first document between a therapist and a client
85
What do you know about the Baker Act?
= Bill granting the authority to judges, law enforcement officials, physicians, and mental health professionals to involuntarily admit suicidal individuals for an emergency psychiatric evaluation.
○ Allows individuals at imminent risk to be held against will between 48 to 72 hours
○ Promotes safety and monitoring
○ Clinical psychologists encourage clients to receive evaluations, and invoke Baker Act
○ But…
§ Vulnerability of clients
§ Ethical issues to consider
86
Is the Baker Act called that in all states?
Maxine Baker (1898 – 1994) was an American politician.
She served as a Democratic member of the Florida House of Representatives from 1963 to 1972, representing Miami-Dade County, Florida.
She is the namesake of the Baker Act, also known as the Florida Mental Health Act.
87
What are 4 times when a clinical psychologist must decline to work with a client?
○ Dual relationship develops with their clients
-Any affiliation outside therapeutic context
○ Therapy no longer helps clients
○ Treatment is not consistent with diagnoses
○ Clients decide therapy is not longer required
88
Dual relationships
= instances when a psychologist has any type of affiliation with the client outside the therapeutic context. A second relationship or role with a client inherently introduces motives, knowledge, or social goals that are inconsistent with the foundation of an adaptive psychologist–client relationship, and thus must be avoided.
89
Examples of interactions that would be considered inappropriate:
§ Employing a client
§ Selling a product to a client
§ Becoming friends with a client
§ Having familial connections
§ Having mutual social acquaintances with a client
§ Dually serving as a client’s teacher and therapist, or even asking a client to provide professional services in return for therapy are all examples of dual relationships.
90
Is deception in clinical psychology research ever okay?
○ Some psychological experiments necessitate temporary deception in order to obtain the most accurate data.
○ Accordingly, ethics support important social and moral values, such as the principle of doing no harm to others.
○ Does not influence the participant’s response
○ Should be used as a last resort
○ Participants should not feel exploited
○ Careful debriefing necessary explaining deception
91
Debriefing
= the legal requirement that researchers explain to participants the purpose, importance, and results of the research following their participation.
92
Deception
= instances when the purpose of the research or the meaning of a participant’s responses is withheld so as to not influence the participant’s response.
93
Fraudulent data
= Incorrect research data; data collected dishonestly
94
Ethical standards (4)
1. Harm to others
a. Tarasoff case
2. Others Harming a Client
a. Client abuse must be reported
3. Client's Self harm
a. Baker Act
4. Working with Youth
* Parents can request all details
* Therapists discuss benefits of confidentiality in presence of minor clients
* Agree to disclose life-threatening issues
* Youth very strongly desire that their parents do not learn what they have disclosed to their psychologist
