Exam 1 Flashcards
homeostasis, cells, biomolecules, membrane transport (130 cards)
1
Q
What are the types of feedback systems?
A
negative and positive
2
Q
What does negative feed back do?
A
restores the change back to normal
3
Q
What do feedback systems do?
A
detect change and respond to the change
4
Q
what does positive feedback do?
A
enhances the change
5
Q
what is the effector?
A
muscles and glands which bring out the desired response to restore the set point of controlled variable
6
Q
what is the controlled variable?
A
factor held within a narrow range
7
Q
what is the sensor?
A
monitors controlled variable for the set point, informs control center
8
Q
what is the sensor also called?
A
receptor
9
Q
what is a stimulus?
A
set point beyond the desirable range
10
Q
what is the control center?
A
compares actual value to set point, if differed it will send a error signal
11
Q
what is the control center also called?
A
integrator
12
Q
what two parts does the control center consist of?
A
brain and spinal cord
13
Q
what is the correct flow chart of the negative players?
A
stimulus→(detected)→sensor→(sends info)→(control center→(sends info)→effector (produces a response)
14
Q
what does dehydration synthesis do?
A
combines small molecules into larger molecules (monomers into polymers)
15
Q
does dehydration synthesis use or release energy?
A
uses
16
Q
what is dehydration synthesis also called?
A
condensation
17
Q
what does hydrolysis do?
A
turns large molecules into small molecules (polymers into monomers)
18
Q
does hydrolysis use or release energy?
A
releases
19
Q
what does a catabolic reaction do?
A
breaks down large molecules into small molecules
20
Q
what are catabolic reactions also called?
A
hydrolysis
21
Q
what does a anabolic reaction do?
A
builds up small molecules into larger molecules
22
Q
what are anabolic reactions also called?
A
dehydration synthesis, condensation
23
Q
what are the 4 different biomolecules?
A
carbohydrates (sugars), lipids (fats), proteins, nucleic acids (nucleotides)
24
Q
what is the composition of carbohydrates?
A
C H O (in 1:2:1 ratio)
25
what are the different types of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
26
what are the simple sugars?
monosaccharides, disaccharides
27
what are the complex sugars?
polysaccharides
28
what is the function of monosaccharides?
immediate energy source
29
what are the different types of monosaccharides?
triose (3 carbon sugars)
pentose (5 carbon sugars)
hexose (6 carbon sugars)
30
what are the different types of pentose?
ribose, deoxyribose
31
what are the different type of hexose?
glucose, fructose, galactose
32
what type of sugar are ribose and deoxyribose?
pentose (5 carbon sugars)
33
what is a glycosidic bond?
joining two monosaccharides together
34
what type of sugar are glucose, fructose, and galactose?
hexose (6 carbon sugars)
35
what is the function of disaccharides?
short termed energy source
36
what are the different types of disaccharides?
maltose, sucrose, lactose
37
what are maltose, sucrose, and lactose?
disaccharides
38
what is maltose made of?
two glucose
39
what is sucrose made of?
glucose and fructose
40
what is lactose made of?
glucose and galactose
41
what is the function of polusaccharides?
long term energy source
42
what are the different types of polysaccharides?
cellulose, starch, glycogen
43
cellulose characteristics
humans can not digest them
plants make up cellulose
cellulose is fiber
44
starch characteristics
made by plants
humans can digest
45
glycogen characteristics
made from animals
made and stored in liver and skeletal muscle of animals
46
what are polysaccharides made of ?
100s of glucose molecules
47
lipid composition?
C H O (not in 1:2:1 ratio)
48
what are the different types of lipids?
triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, prostaglandins
49
are lipids hydrophobic & non-polar or hydrophilic & polar?
hydrophobic & non-polar
50
triglycerides function?
long term energy source
51
what are triglycerides composed of?
glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains
52
how many H atoms does saturated fat (triglycerides) have?
max #
53
does saturated fat (triglycerides) have double bonds between carbon atoms?
no
54
does saturated fat (triglycerides) exist as a solid or liquid?
solid
55
how many H atoms does unsaturated fat (triglycerides) have?
not the max #
56
are there double bonds in unsaturated fat (triglycerides)?
yes
57
does unsaturated fat (triglycerides) exist as a solid or liquid?
liquid
58
what are phospholipids composed of?
a head and 2 fatty acid tails
59
what are the heads of phospholipids consisted of?
glycerol
phosphate group
60
characteristics of phospholipid head?
polar
hydrophilic
lipophobic
charged
61
characteristics of phospholipid FA chains?
non-polar
hydrophobic
lipophilic
uncharged
62
what does amphipathic mean?
has hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
63
what is something called when it has hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts?
amphipathic
64
what is the key identifier of cholesterol?
4 interlocking rings
65
what does cholesterol do in the membrane?
stabilizes and adds fluidity
66
what products are made from cholesterol?
steroids, vitamin D, bile
67
what are the steroids in cholesterol?
there are hormones which are cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone
68
what is the function of prostaglandins?
to signal other molecules
69
what are prostaglandins indentifiers?
one 5 carbon ring
two fatty acid chains
70
what does the nucleus do?
contains genetic info (DNA)
71
what does the Smooth ER do?
synthesizes lipids (makes triglyercides & cholesterol)
stores calcium ions
72
what is cytoplasm?
[intracellular fluid(ICF)]
73
what does the Rough ER do?
modifies proteins (protein synthesis)
74
what are ribosomes involved with?
protein synthesis (involved w/ rough er)
75
cell membrane function?
separates intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)
76
what does the mitochondrion do?
generates ATP
77
what does the golgi apparatus do?
packages material from rough ER into secretory vesicles
78
what do lysosomes do?
contain digestive enzymes that break down unwanted material
79
what do peroxisome do?
detoxify materials (via oxidation)
make hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
uses catalase to break down H2O2 into H2O
80
what does the nucleolus do?
manufactures ribosomal RNA
81
protein composition?
C H O N P S
82
what is the general structure of proteins?
central carbon
amino group
carboxyl group
R group (amino acid)
83
how are peptide bonds used in proteins?
links 2 amino acid together
84
what is the primary structure of a protein fold?
line of amino acids linked with peptide bonds
85
what is the secondary structure of a protein fold?
formed with H bonds of nearby amino acids
86
what is the tertiary structure of a protein fold?
attraction/repulsion of R groups
87
what is the quaternary structure of a protein fold?
interaction of multiple polypeptides
88
nucleic acids composition?
C H O N P
89
what is the structure of nucleic acids?
nitrogenous base
pentose sugar
phosphate group (1 or more)
90
What are the different nitrogenous bases?
purines and pyrimindines
91
how many rings does purines have?
double
92
how many rings does pyrimidines have?
single
93
types of purines?
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
94
types of pyrimidines?
Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U)
Thymine (T)
95
how are nucleic acids formed?
by linking nucleotides (multiple nucleotides put together)
96
what is ATP classified as?
nucleotide
97
what is membrane transport?
movement of solutes across the cell
98
what do carrier proteins do?
allow water soluble solute to go through transmembrane proteins with assistance
99
what do receptors do?
protrude towards ECF, ligands bind to them
100
What do enzymes do?
can protrude towards ECF or ICF, aid in catalyzing reactions
101
what do glycoprotein/glycolipids do?
serve as "identity markers", allowing cells to recognize other cells, sugar protein is exposed to ECF
102
what do channel proteins do?
transmembrane protein that allows water soluble solutes to pass through without assistance
103
what are the three driving forces?
chemical
electrical
electrochemical
104
what is chemical driving force based on?
concentration (# of particles)
105
how does chemical driving forces move?
areas of high concentration to low concentration
106
what is electrical driving force based on?
charge of ion
107
what is electrochemical driving force based on?
combo of electrical and chemical
108
what is the direction of movement for simple diffusion?
high concentration to low concentration
109
what is direction of movement for facilitated diffusion?
high concentration to low concentration
110
what needs to happen in facilitated diffusion?
molecule moves passively across membrane with the help of transmembrane protein
111
what is osmosis?
diffusion of H2O
112
what is the solution in osmosis?
both solvent and solute
113
how does water move in osmosis?
high concentration of water to low concentration of water
114
what does osmosis require for movement across membrane?
aquaporin (transmembrane protein)
115
how does water move in tonicity?
high concentration to low concentration
116
hypotonic
lots inside cell
lots solute
117
isotonic
same amounts inside and outside of cell
118
hypertonic
little inside cell
little solute
119
types of active transport?
primary
active
120
how do solutes move in primary AND secondary active transport?
low concentration to high concentration
121
how do solutes move in secondary active transport?
both solutes move it the same time
122
types of secondary active transport?
symport
antiport
123
how does symport move?
both molecules move in same direction
124
how does antiport move?
solutes move in opposite directions
125
what is exocytosis?
moving stuff out of cell
126
what is endocytosis?
moving things into cell
127
types of endocytosis?
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated
128
what is phagocytosis?
movement of SOLID material into cell
129
what is pinocytosis?
movement of LIQUID (ECF) into a cell
130
what is receptor-mediated?
receptors bind to specific molecule in ECF
