Exam 1

Question 1

What are the five types of pathogens?

Answer 1

Viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, worms

Question 2

Pathogen

Answer 2

a disease-causing (infectious) agent that can alter the function and behavior of the organism in question

Question 3

Epidemiology

Answer 3

Understanding the transmission and impact of disease at the population level. Studied in human, domestic, and wildlife populations

Question 4

Veterinary medicine

Answer 4

determining the causes of disease and developing ways of treating or preventing disease in animals

Question 5

Disease ecology

Answer 5

the ecological examination of disease

Question 6

Disease

Answer 6

any deviation from the normal structure or function of any body part, organ, or system that is exhibited by a characteristic set of signs and symptoms

Question 7

Sign

Answer 7

any objective evidence of disease that can be measured and is physically noticeable to the observer

Question 8

Symptom

Answer 8

subjective and can only be noticed by the patient

Question 9

Intrinsic

Answer 9

generated from within the body

Question 10

Extrinsic

Answer 10

diseases that arise from the environment outside of the body

Question 11

Infectious

Answer 11

caused by pathogenic microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites, and abnormal proteins known as prions, can be spread directly or indirectly from one organism to another

Question 12

Non-infectious

Answer 12

not caused by a pathogen and cannot be spread from one organism to another

Question 13

Macroparasite

Answer 13

only completes part of its life cycle in one host, spending the rest of its life free-living or with a different host

Question 14

Microparasite

Answer 14

completes its life cycle in one host

Question 15

Virulence

Answer 15

degree of reproduction and impact to host metabolism and homeostasis

Question 16

Infectivity

Answer 16

ability of pathogen to invade and harm a targeted host organism

Question 17

Latent infection

Answer 17

do not always show symptoms, and do not always cause harm, but they consistently present in the host

Question 18

Chronic infection

Answer 18

remain in the host after the initial infection and cause re-occurring or chronic disease

Question 19

Slow infections

Answer 19

gradually increase in number within a host over long periods of time

Question 20

Acute infections

Answer 20

Short with rapid host recovery

Question 20

Persistent infections

Answer 20

continuously present in the host or for an extended period of the host’s lifespan

Question 21

Vertical transmission

Answer 21

the transmission of an infectious disease from mother to child

Question 22

Horizontal transmission

Answer 22

when an infectious agent is transferred between members of the same species, but the members are not in a parent-child relationship

Question 23

Direct transmission

Answer 23

If a disease is transmitted through contact of potential hosts

Question 24

Indirect transmission

Answer 24

Occurs through environmental means such as water, air, or terrestrial surfaces

Question 25

Vector

Answer 25

organisms that carry and transmit an infectious pathogen to a naive host

Question 26

Mechanical vector

Answer 26

passively transmit a pathogen

Question 27

Fomites

Answer 27

abiotic agents that carry pathogens

Question 28

What was Koprivnikar et al. about?

Answer 28

It was the frog/tadpole sutdy about adaptive anti-parasite behavior in hosts

Question 29

What was the knowledge gap that motivated the Koprivnikar et al. study?

Answer 29

It was unknown if tadpoles avoid parasitism by increasing or decreasing activity

Question 30

Prevalence

Answer 30

the proportion of individuals in a population with a disease

Question 31

How do you calculate prevalence?

Answer 31

number of occurrences/population size at a specific point in time x100

Question 32

Incidence

Answer 32

number of new cases in a population over a time period

Question 33

Birthrate

Answer 33

number of live young born per female in a period of time

Question 34

R0

Answer 34

net reproductive rate

Question 35

What does the number of R0 represent?

Answer 35

If R0 < 1, the population is decreasing, if R0 = 1, the population is stable, if R0 > 1, the population is increasing

Question 36

lx

Answer 36

proportion of individuals surviving to each age class with respect to the initial number of individuals at time zero, Nx/N0

Question 37

dx

Answer 37

proportion of individuals dying between age classes x and x+1, lx - lx+1

Question 38

qx

Answer 38

proportion of individuals dying at each age class (x), with respect to the initial number of individuals at time zero, (N0 - Nx)/N0

Question 39

r

Answer 39

per capita rate of increase, B-D

Question 40

Spatial distribution

Answer 40

the location of individuals over particular area due to biological or abiotic factors

Question 41

Evolution

Answer 41

the pattern of descent with modification in a population such that there are changes in traits of populations over time

Question 42

What are the 5 conditions necessary to maintain constant allele frequency?

Answer 42

- random mating - no mutations - large population size (no genetic drift) - no immigration (gene flow) - all genotypes have equal Darwinian fitness (no selection)

Question 43

Stabilizing selection

Answer 43

population shows normal distribution of a phenotype

Question 44

Directional selection

Answer 44

population shows normal distribution of a phenotype, natural selection favors one extreme genotype

Question 45

Disruptive selection

Answer 45

populations with more than one abundant genotype, natural selection favors two or more extreme genotypes

Question 46

Bottleneck effect

Answer 46

when something (abiotic or biotic) reduces large population dramatically, leading to inbreeding between individuals and loss of genetic diversity

Question 47

What was the main concept in de Roode et al.?

Answer 47

Understanding the evolution of parasite virulence