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KINE 301 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The teleological view of phys focuses on what?

A

The “why” and structure of an organism

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2
Q

What is the “no cebo” effect?

A

A pt experiences a false symptom because they expected to have it after an intervention

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3
Q

What are the common INTERNAL causes of disease?

A

Abnormal cell growth, production of self antibodies, cell death/process failure

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4
Q

What are the common EXTERNAL causes of disease?

A

trauma, toxic chemical exposure, pathogens

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5
Q

What region is the plasma in in relation to the cell?

A

The ECF

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6
Q

Why is the Feed Forward Response commonly seen in dogs?

A

Dogs drool in anticipation of food, which displays what happens in anticipation of a homeostasis disruption

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7
Q

T/F; The phrase “circadian rhythm” only applies to sleep.

A

F

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8
Q

What is the scientific name for the cell membrane?

A

The plasmalemma

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9
Q

What coating on the outside of the cell membrane protects it and allows for easier cell-cell communication?

A

The glycocalyx

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10
Q

Why are the cells in a Pt with high cholesterol often dehydrated?

A

Cholesterol waterproofs the cell, so excess cholesterol could cause dehydration

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11
Q

How is the cytosol different from the cytoplasm?

A

The cytosol only contains dissolved material

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12
Q

What is the most common example of an inclusion in cytoplasm?

A

A ribosome because it is insoluble and has no membranes

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13
Q

What microfilament aids in muscle contraction?

A

Actin

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14
Q

When you get a keratin treatment at a hair salon, what type of protein are you receiving?

A

Intermediate filaments

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15
Q

What is an often forgotten function of the cytoskeleton?

A

It helps assemble many cells into one tissue

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16
Q

What is the function of the SER?

A

Fat production

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17
Q

How does the nucleus communicate with the cytosol?

A

Thru nuclear pore complexes

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18
Q

If there is higher enzyme activity in acidic environments, what should the body do to activate the enzymes found in lysosomes?

A

Collect H- ions to lower the pH, creating an acidic environment

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19
Q

What are the special materials that ONLY peroxisomes can degrade?

A

Fatty acids and toxins

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20
Q

If there is a high amount of hydrogen peroxide in the blood, that might be a sign of the presence of what?

A

Toxins; Since peroxide is the byproduct of peroxisome activity, there must be toxins in the body to warrant the high amount of byproduct

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21
Q

Where is rRNA synthesized before it leaves for the cytoplasm?

A

The nucleolus

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22
Q

What are the membrane-spanning proteins that are involved in cell junctions?

A

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

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23
Q

What is the main function of cell-matrix junctions?

A

Anchor the cell to the ECM

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24
Q

What is the protein used to make cell-matrix junctions?

A

Integrin (if a cell is taking a math test over matrices, it needs integrity (Integrin))

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25
What are the main function of cell-cell junctions?
Communication
26
What protein is used in gap junctions?
Connexin
27
What cell-cell junction is the opposite of gap junctions?
Tight junctions to stop communication
28
What proteins make tight junctions?
Claudin and Occludin
29
What protein makes up adherence junctions?
Cadherin
30
What is the cell junction layer that anchors epithelium into place?
Basal lamina
31
What determines if epithelial tissue is tight or leaky?
How selective it is ex) kidney vs capillaries
32
Stratified epithelium indicates how many layers?
2+
33
Since exchange epithelium facilitates the exchange of material, what shape/layer type is it?
Simple squamous
34
Considering the function of exchange epithelium, where would it be found?
Lining blood vessels and lungs
35
What is special about the membranes of transporting epithelium?
There are two: apical and basolateral
36
Because of the energy needed for transportation, what organelle is found in transporting epithelium?
Mitochondria
37
What is the purpose of cilia one type of epithelium?
To move fluid and particles
38
What is the function of protective epithelium?
Prevent exchange and areas prone to stress ex) mouth and nose
39
What is special about the lifespan of protective epithelium?
Due to exposure, the cells have a high turnover rate
40
Retinoids target what type of epithelium?
Protective Epithelium
41
What is the common name for secretory epithelium?
Glands
42
How do exocrine cells secrete their mucus?
Thru ducts and tubes (the x in the word can be a reminder)
43
What type of cell actually makes the mucus in secretory epithelium?
Goblet cells
44
Tendons and ligaments are what type of connective tissue?
Dense
45
What differentiates regular vs irregular dense connective tissue?
The direction of the fibers (parallel vs overlapping)
46
What is the main aspect of supporting connective tissue?
Avascular
47
What is different about brown adipose tissue vs white?
It has 2+ fat droplets per cells
48
Brown adipose tissue is seen in what population?
Infants
49
Blood is technically what type of tissue?
Fluid connective
50
What are the main three causes of necrosis?
Toxins, trauma, hypoxia
51
When a cell exhibits plasticity, what is happening?
It has specialized to something other than its original purpose
52
What are the three types of work organisms can perform?
Chemical, transport, and mechanical
53
Because the change from potential to kinetic energy is not 100% efficient, where does the lost energy go?
Leaves the system as heat
54
What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?
Total energy is constant. Energy can be converted but not created
55
What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?
Entropy increases within the body because it's an open system
56
What is the hallmark of an exergonic reaction?
It produces energy (remember the stem exo-)
57
What is special about endergonic and exergonic reactions?
They occur simultaneously
58
What is the hallmark of a redox reaction?
Electrons are transferred
59
Addition, subtraction, and exchange reactions all involve what?
A functional group
60
Inactive enzymes are called what?
Zymogens
61
What is the job of a coenzyme?
Carry off functional groups removed during reaction
62
What is the name of variable enzymes?
Isozymes
63
What is the intermediate in glycolysis?
Pyruvate
64
What happens in the chemiosmotic theory?
Potential energy from the electron concentration in intermembrane space is used to make ATP bonds
65
What is the long name for making ATP using the ETC?
Oxidative phosphorylation
66
Catabolism does what with energy?
Releases it by breaking something down (catabolism sounds like catastrophe)
67
Anabolism does what with energy?
Uses it by building something
68
How is a kilocalorie defined?
The energy needed to raise the temp of 1 liter of water by 1C
69
What are the crosslinks between protein made of?
Hydrogen bonds
70
What is the most common polymeric protein?
Hemoglobin
71
What amino acid issue causes sickle cell?
1 AA is changed to glutamate
72
Tay-Sachs disease causes what?
Cell dysfunction and swelling because the enzyme to digest gangliocides is missing
73
Osmolarity is a measure of what?
The number of osmotically active particles in a solution
74
What is the range for osmolarity?
280-296 milliosmoles
75
Osmolality is a measure of what?
osmoles of solute per kilo of water
76
What is the solute measured with osmolality?
Sodium chloride
77
What is the most important non-penetrating solute?
Sodium chloride
78
What are the 2 things that influence diffusion rate according to Fick's Law?
Membrane surface area, concentration gradient, and membrane's permeability
79
Which states of matter travel by bulk flow?
Gases and liquids
80
Diffusion is what type of transport?
Passive
81
Diffusion is related to what three things?
Temp, molecular weight and size
82
Why can't ions travel by diffusion?
They respond to an electrochemical gradient
83
Membrane enzymes only exist where in the cell?
On outside or slightly inside
84
Membrane transport proteins are divided into what 2 subtypes?
Channel and carrier
85
What is special about ion channel proteins?
They are specific to the charge of ion
86
How are gated channel proteins named?
By what opens them ex) voltage, pressure
87
Uniports and symports are what types of membrane proteins?
Carrier
88
Uniports and cotransporters differ by what?
The number of molecules allowed in at one time (1 vs 2+)
89
What differentiates symports and antiports?
The direction the molecules travel (same vs opposite directions)
90
What is a sodium-potassium ATPase?
An active transporter the moves sodium and potassium against a gradient
91
What is a GLUT (type of transporter)?
Moves glucose passively down its gradient
92
What are the two receptors used in receptor-mediated endocytosis?
Clathrin and caveolae
93
What does competition mean in relation to membrane proteins?
Protein prefers one type of molecule but works for others
94
What is the main difficulty with epithelial transport?
The molecule being transported must pass both membranes
95
What is paracellular epithelial transport?
Transportation between two epithelial cells
96
What is transcellular epithelial transport?
Transportation thru single epithelial cell
97
What is the number for RMP?
-70 millivolts
98
What is the hallmark of Nernst's equation?
The inside of the cell is slightly more negative
99
What is the element that establishes RMP?
Potassium
100
What happens in depolarization?
RMP becomes more positive
101
What happens in repolarization?
Cell returns to RMP after being initially more positive
102
What is hyperpolariaztion?
When the cell becomes more negative than -70 millivolts or RMP
103
What is the pathology of cystic fibrosis?
The CFTR transporter doesn't work, meaning water doesn't follow sodium leaving the cell to thin mucus
104
What happens if all LDL carrier proteins are saturated?
LDL rises in the blood leading to atherosclerosis
105
What is the main way local communication occurs to signal target cells?
2 connexin proteins make a junction between 2 cells
106
What is the difference between paracrine and autocrine communication?
Communication occurs between neighboring cells or the same cell
107
What type of signals are used for long distance communication?
Chemical and electrical
108
What are the differences between neurotransmitters and modulators?
Transmitters are fast and temporary while modulators are slow and paracrine
109
What are cytokines?
They are regulatory peptides that act on a bigger range of cells
110
Most signal pathways involve what type of receptor?
Membrane receptors
111
Run thru the steps of a basic signal pathway
The ligand binds to the receptor and activates which activates intracellular signal molecules, the last of which modifies existing proteins or starts protein synthesis
112
More 2nd messengers lead to what effect?
Amplification of the signal
113
Why is a ligand-gated ion channel used in muscles and nerves?
They allow for ion flow by changing ion permeability and are quick
114
What is the most common type of membrane receptor?
GPCR
115
What are the two functions of GPCRs?
Opens ion channel or alters enzyme activity in cytoplasm
116
What are the two first messengers in the two pathways of the GPCR?
cAMP and PLC
117
What do receptor-enzymes (membrane receptor proteins? do?
Activate intracellular enzymes
118
What do integrins (membrane receptor proteins) do?
Activate intracellular enzymes or change the cytoskeleton shape
119
What is special about the novel signal molecule cateogry?
It includes miscellaneous cells that don't fit in any other category
120
What does calmodulin do?
It binds to calcium to change enzyme activity
121
What does nitric oxide cause?
Vasodilation
122
What are eicosanoids?
Lipid-derived paracrine signals from arachidonic acid
123
What are leukotrienes?
Lipid paracrine signal molecules
124
What are prostanoids?
Cox enzyme that acts on arachidonic acid. Released by NSAIDs
125
Is the receptor or ligand responsible for the response in a signal pathway?
Receptor
126
What does the antagonist do in a signal pathway?
Binds to receptor to block agonist's binding and making a response
127
What is an isoform?
Different responses can be made from the same ligand
128
If the ligand is scarce, what happens?
Upregulation
129
If the ligand is available, what happens?
Downregulation
130
How does the signal in a pathway get terminated?
The ligand is degraded
131
Homeostatic reflex pathways control what?
Nervous regulation of internal environment

KINE 301 (1 decks)

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