EXAM 1

Question 1

True breeding strain

Answer 1

A group of identical individuals that always produce offspring of the same phenotype mated with each other

Question 2

Homozygous

Answer 2

Two identical alleles

Question 3

Heterozygous

Answer 3

Two different alleles

Question 4

Mitosis

Answer 4

Ends with two diploid cells
Only one cell division

Question 5

Meiosis

Answer 5

Four haploid cells
Two cell divisions

Question 6

Independent assortment

Answer 6

Genes on different chromosomes assort independently of each other

Question 7

Dihybrid cross (two traits simultaneously)

Answer 7

9:3:3:1 ratio (9/16, 3/16, 3/16, 1/16)

Question 8

Two point cross

Answer 8

1:1:1:1 ratio (1/4, 1/4, 1/4, 1/4)

Question 9

Meiotic recombination

Answer 9

Makes haploid gametes with allele combinations different from parental gametes

Question 10

Interphase

Answer 10

Cell grows and replicates it’s DNA preparing for cell division

Question 11

G1 Phase

Answer 11

The growth phase

Question 12

S Phase

Answer 12

The cell replicates it’s DNA

Question 13

G2 Phase

Answer 13

Cell prepares for cell division

Question 14

Phenotype

Answer 14

Observable characteristics of an organism

Question 15

Genotype

Answer 15

The specific genetic makeup of an organism

Question 16

Haplosufficiency

Answer 16

The wild type allele is dominant over a mutant allele

Question 17

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 17

A form of haploinsufficiency where neither allele is completely dominant

Question 18

Co-Dominance

Answer 18

Occurs when the contributions of both alleles are visible in the phenotype

Question 19

Most affected by x-linked disorders

Answer 19

Males

Question 20

Autosomal recessive

Answer 20

Affected individuals have unaffected parents

Question 21

Autosomal dominant

Answer 21

Disease appears in every generation, affected individuals always have an affected parent

Question 22

X-linked recessive

Answer 22

More males than females show the rare phenotype
No offspring of an affected male have the trait
Skips a generation does not show in every gen

Question 23

X-linked dominant

Answer 23

Affected males pass trust to all daughters but no sons
Affected females pass trait to half of their daughters and half of their sons

Question 24

Y-linked traits

Answer 24

Phenotype is only passed from father to son

Question 25

Mitochondrial

Answer 25

Affected females always pass on the trait Affected males never pass on the trait

Question 26

Discrete trait

Answer 26

Can only take on certain fixed values ex: color, shape

Question 27

Continuous trait

Answer 27

Can take any conceivable value within an observed range ex:weight,height,blood pressure

Question 28

Complex inheritance

Answer 28

Traits take on a various range of values, Mendelian ratios are not detectable

Question 29

Simple Inheritance

Answer 29

Traits are categories ex:purple flower white flower minimal environmental affect

Question 30

Epistasis

Answer 30

Phenotype expression is affected by another gene onto another

Question 31

Polyploid

Answer 31

More than two chromosome sets

Question 32

Aneuploid

Answer 32

Individual has a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number

Question 33

Law of segregation

Answer 33

Occurs during meiosis and produces gametes (one allele from each parent)

Question 34

Wild-type allele

Answer 34

Most commonly occurring allele in a wild population (normal or without mutation)

Question 35

sister chromatids

Answer 35

Two sister chromatids happens after replication

Question 36

Homologous pair

Answer 36

Pair of chromosomes (one half from mom one from dad)

Question 37

Haploinsufficieny

Answer 37

Gene is not enough to maintain normal cell function Ex: recessive wild type allele

Question 38

Convergent evolution

Answer 38

Developing similar features independently

Question 39

Divergent evolution

Answer 39

Eventually creates two different species from one closely related species ex: from isolation (deserted on an island)

Question 40

Somatic cells

Answer 40

46 chromosomes TOTAL

Question 41

Genetic Drift

Answer 41

Frequency of alleles changes over time