Exam 1 Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Hadean Eon (4.6 billion years ago)
A
- catastrophic and intense formation
- frequent impacts from meteors
- near constant volcanic eruptions
- releases gasses and water vapor forming an atmosphere (no oxygen)
2
Q
Pre-Cambrian Period (3.8 Billion years ago)
A
- Earth had an atmosphere and ocean
- oxygen began to accumulate due to water splitting
- once the earth had cooled oxygen in atmosphere
- water drained in the Earth’s surface to make a primeval ocean
- gravity prevented water from the planet
3
Q
Origin of Life
primordial soup
A
- found that inorganic molecules could make organic molecules
- this was made through acidic solutions, heat, and lightning
- the wrong atmospheric components but same idea works
–still is able to to show the shift from inorganic to organic
4
Q
Archeon Eon (3.7 billion years ago)
A
- same simple organic molecules for the beginning of life in meteorites
- the primordial molecules once the earth cooled came down as rain to make the oceans
- oceans became the broth of these molecules
- after this it was all chance made modern life
5
Q
Paleoproterozoic Era (2.3 Billion years ago)
A
-microbes do not need specialized cells
- early microbes would process a variety of chemicals
- had microbes living within each other
– ex: mitochondria - DNA was packaged in the nuclei
- developed to be complex and create eukaryotic cells
- cells started living together and would emphasize the group
6
Q
Cryogenian Period (800 million years ago)
the first organism
A
- sponges were the earliest animals
- oxygen levels were still low in the ocean
- consist of layers of cells supported by a hard skeletal parts
7
Q
Cambrian Explosion (550 million years ago)
A
- a wild explosion of new life forms
- new burrowing life styles; hard exoskeletons and spines
- more active animals with defined heads and tails for directional movement
- nearly all phyla were established and food webs emerged
8
Q
By what means did evolution occur?
A
Adaptation and Randomness
9
Q
What is biological evolution?
A
Descent with modification
10
Q
Descent with Modification
A
the passing down of genetic material, but there is a slight change between generations
11
Q
Who is Descent with Modification attributed to?
A
Charles Darwin
- at the same time Wallace was discovering the same thing independently
12
Q
How did new species arise?
A
genetic diversity from changes that were inherited
13
Q
Adaptation
A
- only partially explains diversification (ex: rainforest)
- effects fitness
- most genetic variation is not tied to the environment (neutral)
- examples: natives in high altitudes; skin color
14
Q
Fitness
A
the ability to survive and reproduce viable offspring
15
Q
How are mutations introduced to an individual?
A
when a mutation is introduced to an individual at random and is able to increase their fitness
- all mutations are RANDOM
16
Q
Mechanisms/ Importance of Evolutionary Variation
A
- without it we wouldn’t have different populations
- occur through mutations that are heritable and pass down to the offspring
17
Q
Two types of evolutionary process
A
- Random
- traits that have no adaptive value
- Non-Random
18
Q
Pangenesis Theory
Darwin
A
decribed the units of inheritance between parents and offspring and the processes by which those units control development in offspring
ex: Lamarckian Theory
pan- every; genesis- trait; you inherit ALL of your parents genes including acquired ones
19
Q
Theory of Inheritance of acquired traits
A
the belief that learned behaviors could be passed onto offspring
- Lamark and Darwin
- Lost popularity and coincides with the theory of pangenesis
20
Q
What is proof that humans understood heredity?
before Mendel
A
the domestication of plants and animals- specifically wolves
21
Q
Mendel
A
used pea plants to understand the mechanism of simple inheritance (punnet square)
- did not support pangenesis
22
Q
Miescher (DNA & proteins)
A
- the first to identify DNA as a distinct molecule
- thought that nucleon was a simple biding agent for proteins
- believed that proteins were molecules of heredity
23
Q
Genetics (Bateson)
definition
A
the study of inheritance and Human Variation
24
Q
Gene (Johansen)
definition
A
units of heredity information
25
Theory of Chromosomal Inheritance
| Structure of Chromosomes
genes were strung together like beads on the chromosomes, which copy themselves and separate
26
What was the importance of the Dark Urine Disease?
one gene carries the directions for making one protein
27
Transforming Principle
a "chemical" that is capable of changing an organism's traits
28
Avery (DNA= heredity)
- found that the transforming principle was unaffected by protein digesting enzymes
- found that a gene is made of DNA
29
Rosalind Franklin
- was able to find the double-helix nature of DNA through X-ray diffraction
30
Watson and Crick
created a model of a DNA molecule based on Rosalind Franklin's work
31
Rank this from the most basic to sophisticated:
DNA, Amino Acid, Proteins, Enzymes
1. DNA
2. Amino Acid
3. Proteins
4. Enzymes
32
DNA qualities for inheritance
| what are the qualities for inheritance
- must be able to faithfully reproduce many copies of itself
- must be able to copy maternal and paternal DNA and make combine (meiosis)
33
Causes for DNA mutation
1. environmental
2. mistakes in replication
--have repair mechanisms that prevent us from mutated monsters.
34
How many chromosomes inherited?
| Somatic and Sex
Two copies of each somatic chromosome, and two copies of sex chromosomes
35
Recombinant DNA (McClintock)
- was able to use identifier DNA from corn to be able to determine inheritance
| review slide about knob and color
36
What is a unique aspect of recombination?
| Genetic Mosaic
allows info from multiple generations to appear in the gametes/ offsprings
37
Most variation is...?
Neutral
38
What were the 4 major groups of mammals 65 million years ago?
1. Monotremes
2. Marsupials
3. Multituberculates
4. Placentals
39
Distinctive traits of mammals
1. Internal Temperature Regulation
2. Tooth Variety
3. Reproductive Patterns
4. Brain Modification
5. Gestational period
6. Lactation
40
Cretaceous Period (175 million years ago)
| Extinction of Dinosaurs
- believed to have occur due to two possible reasons
1. asteroid impact
2. Volcanic Eruptions
41
Which mammals do humans descend from?
Placentals
42
Species radiation
when a species spread into new niches of the world
43
Marsupials and monotremes
| location
there are very little of both but they occupy land that is not well-colonized by placentals (Australia)
44
Characteristic of Primates
1. bony, enclosed eye socket
2. prehension- the ability of grasping (with hands and feet)
3. unguiculate- nails instead of claws on the ends of fingers
4. 3-D vision
5. long gestational period and slow postnatal growth
45
Arboreal Hypothesis
- because the ancestors of primates are herbivores, they specialized to be able to live in trees to be closer to their food source
46
Visual Hypothesis
due to their insect predation traits such as prehension, 3-D vision and nocturnal were selected
47
Angiosperm Hypothesis
the emergence of new fruit led to the positive selection of specific traits to be able to eat them
48
Oligocene (35 million years ago)
Emergence of Anthropoids
-traits within animals such as a reduced snout/nasal area; a bony, enclosed eye socket; and generally small orbits (eye sockets)
- fit our notion of primates and later us
- they were found in Africa, Asia, and North America
- were not found in South America until 28 mya
49
Raft Hypothesis
the belief that primates were able to get to South America by means of a land mass that was broken off and taken to South America
50
Miocene- Appearance of Hominoid Primates
- traits such as the modifications to the shoulder and arm (brachiator anatomy); low, rounded molar teeth; lack of a tail; and, eventually, larger body and brain size
- temperatures cooled and Savanas also started to appear
51
Ancestors of Orangutans
- Hominoid evolution in Asia points to a 10 foot large primate
- In South Asia lie a set of fossils with small canine dimorphism, thick-enameled molars, and specific characteristics of the skull morphology
--making it a strong ancestor for the orangutans
52
Pliocene- Final diversification of Non-Hominoid Primates
- most modern species are found in the fossil record
- number of hominoid species greatly decreased but the diversity and number of monkeys went up
53
Evolution of hominids
- origins of humans were thought to be in Asia
- Homo erectus supported this
54
Human Evolutionary Thought
| Taung
found the taung baby which is a a fossil of an intermediate species between apes and humans in South Africa
55
Characteristics of Taung Baby
- larger brain case and smaller teeth
- adapted to climbing based on feet, shoulders and arms
- walked bipedal: bone structure that shows that in the skull
56
where is it now confirmed where human ancestry starts?
AFRICA
57
what are humans closest relatives?
Chimpanzees (even so it is still very distant)
58
Human Family tree
| features
thought to have started in west Africa based on a species that was bipedal, had smaller brains than chimps, sloping face, elongated face, and very prominent browredges
59
Foramen Magnum
a place whether the spinal cord exit s out of the cranium- farther forwards in bipedal organisms
60
Ardi (4.4 mya)
| explanation from bipedalism
- had attributes that led to belief that they were arboreal and bipedal
- diverging big toe and a rigid foot
- shows that the savanna theory is inaccurate because they lived in wooded areas
61
Savana Theory
the belief that humans are bipedal because they learned to walk upright as the climate became drier, open, and grassier
62
Australopithecus afarensis- most well-know human ancestor
| 1st hominin ancestor
- they were found in East Africa and they adapted to living in trees and and on the ground
- were able to survive massive climate changes
63
Homo Habilis- first Homo organism
- named the "handy man" because they were the first stone tools user
- slightly larger brain case, smaller face, and teeth
64
Homo Rudolfenis
| 2nd ancestor
- larger brain case, longer face, large molar and premolar teeth
- last two features may have meant we devolved a little
65
Homo Erectus- "Turkana Boy"
- had modern human-like features
- no longer lived in trees/ arboreal
- grew at a rate similar to that of a great ape
- cared for their old and weak
- associated with the use of handles and spears- first major innovation of stone tool tech
- spread to all across Africa and Western Asia and East Asia
66
what are the two theories of the origin of modern humans
1. Out-of- Africa
2. multi regional hypothesis
67
Out-of-Africa
there was a great migration out of Africa 100k years ago in which the modern human destroyed all other species (neanderthals)
68
multi regional hypothesis
the modern human developed independently all across the world with gene flow between continental populations
69
the most important fact of human evolution
it is not linear, as in we evolved and devolved and sometimes stayed stagnant
--we were also not the only homo species for a long time but now we are
70
hominid
the group consisting of all modern and extinct Great Apes
71
hominin
the group consisting of modern human and extinct human species and all of their ancestors
72
homo heidelbergenesis
| our closest historic relatives
-had a large browbridge
- the first to be found in colder climates
- larger brain case but later face
- control of fire, use of wooden spears, hunt large animals
- the first to build THEIR own shelters
73
Neanderthal
- bad stigma built by European researchers
- they are 'flat-headed', they had a large brain case that seem to jut out into a bun in the occipital region
74
does a larger head mean greater intelligence?
no larger brain case is not associated with intelligence
75
Cold Adaptation Theory
the belief that the projection of the nasal cavity in Neanderthals helped during the cold months to warm up hair before it hits the brain
--does not explain why the trait is present before a glacial period
76
Language
- due to the presence of the FOXP2 gene and the Broca's area it is believed that they had speech but unlike ours
- humans were just recently able to speak how we do post homo heidelbergensis
77
what are the anatomical obstacles for speech like ours with our ancestors and the great apes
- too shallow of a throat
- too high of voice boxes
- too heigh of a hyoid bone
78
Neanderthal Culture (pre-homo sapiens)
- the formation of bifacial knives
- utilizing of sewing needles to make fitted clothing
-the creation of flute
- use of cave art
79
Denisovans
developed independently from neanderthals and homo sapiens
80
the importance of mitochondria
through the mitochondrial DNA were able to trace and study our maternal lineage
--molecular clock hypothesis
81
where were the oldest homo sapiens fossils located
east Africa- Ethiopia
82
did fossil records of homo sapiens extend out of Africa
- yes to places like the Middle East (100k years ago) and Asia (80k years ago)
- up north in Russia is a little later 60k years ago
83
Glacial Period
the freezing of northern areas and prevented northern expansion of homo sapiens
--explains why fossil records show them in Europe and northern Asia much later
84
gaps in migration out of Africa
the flipping of the Sahara dessert from wetter and more favorable climates to dessert is what led to these gaps
85
non-africans Homo sapiens
originate from one migration 70k years ago
86
Toba
a volcanic explosion that led to the massive die-off of species and vegetation, as well as volcanic winters, outside of Africa
87
where are the last traces of pre-toba species
papua new guinea and Australian aborigines
88
Nature
innate behaviors
89
nurture
learned behaviors from ones environment
90
the feral child
a child raised in isolation in the woods allowed researcher to determine what are innate human behaviors and that found:
- complex language is not innate
-he was able to learn manners
91
what is wrong with the "complex language is not innate theory"
when they had found the boy he was already to old for his brain to develop connections that would allow him to speak
--if they had found him younger he may have been able to
92
Three identical strangers
through the use of triplets that were separated VERY young they were able to determine that traits that the shared were innate and in their genetics, and differentiate from what is learned
93
importance of studying primate behavior
we can determine what traits are primate and what are human cultural ones
94
lemur behaviors
- live in troops -->female dominated
- small:nocturnal; large: dinural
- spend their time awake in trees
95
lorises
- nocturnal and fully arboreal
- insectivores and slow moving
- found in Africa and South/Southeast Asia
96
tarsiers
- elongated tarsal bones; for leaping abilities
- live in small groups; 2 adults+young
- vocal sounds to communicate
- very large eyes for navigating at night
97
new world monkeys
-Mostly arboreal and relatively small compared to Old World monkeys
- prehensile tails, flat faces and side-facing nostrils, very small
- found in South America
- Callitrichids: Small-bodied, always give birth to twins
- Aotus (Owl Monkey): Only nocturnal monkey
98
old world monkey
- Found in Asia and Africa
- Divided into two subfamilies: Cercopithecinae and Colobinae
99
Cercopithecinae
- baboons, macaques, guenons
-Diurnal, terrestrial, and arboreal
- "cheek-pouch" monkeys (store food in cheek pockets)
100
Colobinae
- arboreal
- sacculated stomachs with special bacteria to digest leaves
101
what allowed animals to travel during ice ages
land bridges that connected them allowed them to move to places that would now seem impossible with tech
102
Great Apes (hominoidea)
- African apes (chimpanzees, gorillas), Asian apes (orangutans, gibbons), and humans
- Large-bodied (except gibbons), Large brains, No external tails, and Upper body adaptations
103
What are the three key areas of focus in comparative primatology?
1. Primate-wide trends
2. Hominoid-wide trends (apes&humans)
3. hominin (human) characteristics
104
Jane Goodall ("War")
she studied chimps in Tanzania and found that that may have been in long standing war
- they used weapons and would rape to intimidate
105
Anthropomorphizing
comparing/equating animals behavior to human behavior
106
what is the problem with calling chimp conflict- war?
the use of this term essentially states that chimps have the complexity to understand cultural, and political differences between one another- beyond just territoriality
107
what make humans and chimps similar in this "war" situation
both chimps and humans have overactive ADRA2C genes, which is produced during flight or fight to cause them to fight- unlike other which have decreased production of it
- ex: loving bonobos and macaques
108
what are some basic trends across all primates
1. Pair-bonding
2. complex social behaviors
3. use of "hands"
--morphology and anatomy my be different
109
ontogeny of a behavior
all the factors that have influenced an organism since its conception
--ex: food preferences
| specifically development
110
importance of studying behavior
too see whether it increases fitness
