Exam #1 Flashcards by Kylie Fox

Characteristics of living things

cellular organization
growth and development
reproduction
response to stimuli
metabolism
adaptation
homeostasis

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anatomy

study of internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships

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physiology

study of the functions of those structures

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the study of structures that are visible to the naked eye

Gross anatomy:

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understanding anatomical structures based on surface lining

Surface anatomy:

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covering anatomy by systems

Systemic anatomy:

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study of cells

Cytology:

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study of tissues

Histology:

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Levels of organization:

chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

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smallest unit of living things

Cell:

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structure composed of groups of specialized cells

Tissue

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4 types of basic tissue

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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specialized structure made of tissues

Organ

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structure - skin and associated structures: hair, nails, sweat and oil glands
function - regulate body temp.; protection; vitamin d synthesis; detects sensations

integumentary system

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structure: all bones and associated cartilage
function: supports and protects; assists with movements; blood production; mineral storage

skeletal system

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structure: skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles
function: movement of body; movement of substances through body; maintains posture; heat production

muscular system

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structure: brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs (eyes and ears)
function: regulate body activities: sensory info. to the brain and motor signal out to body

nervous system

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structure: glands and tissues that produce hormones (pituitary, thyroid, etc.)
function: hormones regulate body activities of target organs

endocrine system

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structure: blood (plasma and cells), heart, arteries, veins, capillaries
function: carrying substance though body (hormones, waste, gases, nutrients); regulates temp.; fights disease (WBCs)

cardiovascular system

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structure:
lymph - lymph fluid, vessel and structures (spleen, lymph nodes)
immune - WBCs of immune response
function:
L - return protein and fluid to blood; filter lymph before returning to CVS
I - cells protect against disease causing-agents

lymphatic and immune systems

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structure: lungs and air passages (trachea)
function: gas exchange; blood pH regulation; sound production in larynx

respiratory system

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structure: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines, rectum, anus, and accessory organs (salivary glands,, liver, pancreas, etc.)
function: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food; absorption of nutrients; elimination of solid waste

digestive system

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structure: kidneys, bladder, urethra
function: produce and eliminate urine; regulate volume and chemical composition of blood; regulate red blood cell production

urinary system

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structure: gonads and associated organs for each gender
F - ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
M - testicles, epididymis, vas deferens, penis
function: gamete production; hormone production; development of embryo

reproductive system

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Necessary functions of life:

maintain boundaries movement responsiveness/excitability digestion metabolism –> one of the most important excretion reproduction growth

Survival needs:

nutrients oxygen water body T atm pressure

"same state" maintaining constant internal levels in a changing environment

Homeostasis:

3 parts of homeostatic regulatory mechanisms

Receptors, control center and effector

receptors

monitor conditions - thermoreceptors - chemoreceptors - baroreceptors

control center

receives info. then compares it to a set point and sends signal to effectors to maintain normal range - brain --> hypothalamus

effector

bring body/changes conditions back to homeostasis - muscles - lungs - kidneys - bones

Negative feedback

returning to homeostasis ex: body temp. –> too cold… body starts to shiver –> too hot… body starts to sweat ex: blood glucose –> too high… pancreas produces insulin –> too low… pancreas produces glucagon

Positive feedback

enhances homeostasis ex: blood clotting –> platelet activation –> platelets divide and multiply to form blood clots to stop hemorrhaging and extreme loss of blood ex: homeostasis of labor –> contractions –> baby applies pressure to cervix causing it to stretch, nerve impulses then get sent to the brain, oxytocin gets released from the brain, oxytocin causes contractions to begin, cycle repeats until baby is born

energy of motion useable form of energy heat is a form of this energy

Kinetic energy:

stored energy: has the potential to do work must be converted to kinetic energy to use it chemical energy fits into this category

Potential energy:

pure forms of a substance that cannot be broken down further by ordinary chemical reactions

Chemical element:

smallest units of an element that retain the properties and characteristics of an element

atoms

proton

charge: +

neutron

charge: 0

electron

charge: -

outermost shell - involved in chemical reactions

Electron valence shell:

region surrounding an atoms nucleus where electrons are most likely to be found

Electron cloud:

number of protons

Atomic number:

sum of protons + neutrons

Atomic weight/mass:

same P, same E, different N

Isotope:

two or more atoms sharing electrons covalent bonds

Molecule:

substance that contains atoms from two or more elements covalent or ionic bonds

Compound:

atom with positive or negative charge

Ion

postive ion, electron donor

Cation:

negative ion, electron acceptor

Anion:

electrical attraction between two ions of opposite charge

Ionic bond:

atoms in the molecule share electrons polar or non polar

Covalent bond:

unequal electron sharing

Polar covalent bond

equal electron sharing

Nonpolar covalent bond:

a weak electrostatic attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in a molecule and a highly electronegative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen) in another molecule, creating a weak link between them responsible for important properties of water (high surface tension, high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, and water’s ability to be such a great solvent)

Hydrogen bonds:

bonds are broken in larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules

Decomposition reaction:

smaller particles are bonded together to form larger, more complex molecules

Synthesis reaction:

requires energy

Endergonic

gives off energy

exergonic

Factors that influence reaction rate:

temperature (heat always increases reaction rate) concentration size catalysts

has carbon

organic substances

no carbon

inorganic

Properties of water

high heat capacity high heat of vaporization universal solvent reactivity - pH lubrication and cushioning - mucus, synovial fluid

liquid in highest concentration

solvent

item that gets dissolved in solvent

solute

a solution where the solvent is water, meaning one or more substances are dissolved in wate body fluids

Aqueous solution:

mixture of salt and water 0.9% Na+Cl-

Saline solution:

H2O soluble polar

Hydrophilic

not H2O soluble oils, waxes

hydrophobic

concentration of H+ ions in a solution

pH of a solution

Lowest pH

neutral pH

highest pH

pH lower than 7.0 higher concentration of H+ lower concentration of OH-

Acidic solution:

pH higher than 7.0 lower concentration of H+ higher concentration of OH-

Basic solution:

hydrochloric acid stomach acid beer, vinegar, wine, pickles tomatoes, grapes saliva, milk

Acids

sodium hydroxide oven cleaner household ammonia household bleach ocean water eggs blood

bases

soluble substances whose ions will conduct an electrical current in solution changes in levels will disrupt nearly every vital function ionic compounds

Electrolyte:

neutralizes either strong acid or strong base resists changes in pH when an acid or base is added

Buffers:

CO3 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> H+ + HCO3-

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

main function - provide energy, structural, attached to membrane proteins

Carbohydrate

one sugar glucose and fructose ribose and deoxyribose

Monosaccharide

two sugars sucrose maltose lactose

Disaccharide

multiple sugars starch - plants glycogen - animals cellulose

Polysaccharide

hydrophobic water soluble only as lipoproteins contains C, H, and O, but much less O than carbs results in fewer polar bonds and the formation of a non-polar compound more H than carbs = more energy

Lipids

maximum # of H atoms - saturated either H atoms most animal fats, solid at room T

Saturated FA

does not have max # of H atoms - is not saturates with H atoms missing H atoms results in double bonds

unsaturated FA

energy source insulation protection

Fat = triglyceride

key structural component of cell membrane

Phospholipid tail - hydrophobic head - hydrophilic

structured function in cell membrane (maintains membrane structures and fluidity) ex: cholesterol four interlocking hydrocarbon rings

Steroid

functions of proteins

support movement transport buffering metabolic regulation coordination and control defense

composed of amino group, central carbon, carboxyl group, R group (side chain) they differ based on their side chain

Amino acid:

a covalent chemical bond that links two amino acids together ribosomes form this in protein synthesis

Peptide bond

Primary structure of a protein:

linear sequence of amino acids

Tertiary structure of a protein:

final 3D folding/structure

Structural vs. functional proteins:

structural - fibrous some only secondary folding keratin, elastin, actin, myosin, collagen linear, insoluble in water, very stable provide mechanical support and tensile strength functional - globular receptors, transporters, antibodies, hemoglobin, enzymes most are water soluble and chemical active most have "active site"

catalyze/speed up reaction end in -ase substrates and active sites

Enzymes:

Denaturing an enzyme:

temperature and pH causes new function

large biological molecule made up of nucleotides stores and transmits genetic info.

Nucleic acids:

Similarities and difference between DNA and RNA:

DNA - double stranded RNA - single stranded both made up of nucleotides

structural unit consists of 3 parts: nitrogenous base, pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and phosphate ion

Nucleotide:

energy currency of living systems high energy phosphate bonds can be produced with or without oxygen (aerobic & anaerobic)

ATP:

study organelles and function in other deck

Exam #1 Flashcards

(103 cards)