exam 1

Question 1

What are the biological levels of organization?

Answer 1

Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere

These levels represent the hierarchy of biological complexity.

Question 2

What is the taxonomic hierarchy?

Answer 2

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

This hierarchy classifies living organisms based on shared characteristics.

Question 3

Why is water important to life?

Answer 3

Solvent, temperature regulation, chemical reactions, transport of substances, cohesion, adhesion, high heet capacity

Water’s unique properties make it essential for biological processes.

Question 4

What is the polarity of a molecule of water?

Answer 4

Water is a polar molecule due to its unequal sharing of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen atoms

This polarity leads to hydrogen bonding and unique properties of water.

Question 5

What are the emergent properties of water resulting from its polarity?

Answer 5

Cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, lower density as ice

These properties are crucial for supporting life.

Question 6

Define organic molecule.

Answer 6

Molecules that contain carbon and are typically found in living organisms

Organic molecules are the building blocks of life.

Question 7

What types of isomers exist?

Answer 7

Structural, geometric, enantiomers

Isomers have the same molecular formula but different structures.

Question 8

What are the different types of functional groups?

Answer 8

Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate

Each functional group imparts specific properties to organic molecules.

Question 9

How are polymers built and broken down?

Answer 9

Polymers are built through dehydration (condensation) reactions and broken down by hydrolysis

These reactions are fundamental to macromolecule metabolism.

Question 10

Identify the four types of macromolecules.

Answer 10

Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, Proteins

Each type has distinct structures and functions in biological systems.

Question 11

What are the monomers of lipids?

Answer 11

Glycerol and fatty acids

Lipids are not true polymers but are formed from these components.

Question 12

What is the ratio of C, H, and O in carbohydrates?

Answer 12

1:2:1

This ratio characterizes simple sugars and their derivatives.

Question 13

What is the structure of a nucleotide?

Answer 13

A nucleotide consists of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids.

Question 14

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

Answer 14

DNA: double-stranded, deoxyribose, thymine; RNA: single-stranded, ribose, uracil

These differences are crucial for their functions in cells.

Question 15

What is the structure of an amino acid?

Answer 15

Amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, R-group

The R-group determines the properties of the amino acid.

Question 16

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Answer 16

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

Each level of structure contributes to the protein’s final shape and function.

Question 17

What is the role of organelles in a living cell?

Answer 17

Each organelle has a specific function contributing to cellular processes

Organelles work together to maintain homeostasis and support life.

Question 18

Why do lipid bilayers form in an aqueous solution?

Answer 18

Hydrophobic tails face inward, while hydrophilic heads face outward

This arrangement is crucial for cell membrane structure.

Question 19

How do molecules move across the cell membrane?

Answer 19

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis

These processes regulate the internal environment of cells.

Question 20

How did eukaryotic cells evolve from prokaryotic cells?

Answer 20

Through endosymbiosis, where prokaryotic cells were engulfed by larger cells

Evidence includes similarities between mitochondria/chloroplasts and prokaryotes.

Question 21

What structures are present in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 21

nucleoid, ribosomes, cell membrane, cell wall, flagella, cytoplasm, plasmids

Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles.

Question 22

What structures are present in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 22

nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, ribosomes, cytoskeleton

Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells.

Question 23

What are the stages of aerobic respiration?

Answer 23

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain

Each stage has specific substrates and products.

Question 24

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

Answer 24

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

This equation summarizes the process of converting glucose into energy.

Question 25

What is the advantage of fermentation?

Answer 25

Allows ATP production without oxygen ## Footnote Fermentation is crucial for anaerobic conditions.

Question 26

What is the difference between fermentation and anaerobic respiration?

Answer 26

Fermentation does not use an electron transport chain; anaerobic respiration does ## Footnote This difference affects energy yield and metabolic pathways.

Question 27

What is the anatomy of a chloroplast?

Answer 27

Outer membrane, inner membrane, thylakoids, stroma ## Footnote Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis in plant cells.

Question 28

What is the photosynthesis equation?

Answer 28

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2 ## Footnote This equation outlines the conversion of light energy into chemical energy.

Question 29

What are the phases of the Calvin cycle?

Answer 29

Carbon fixation, Reduction, Regeneration ## Footnote These phases are critical for synthesizing glucose during photosynthesis.

Question 30

What is rubisco?

Answer 30

An enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle ## Footnote Rubisco is crucial for carbon fixation in photosynthesis.

Question 31

What are C4 and CAM photosynthesis?

Answer 31

C4: spatial separation of carbon fixation; CAM: temporal separation of carbon fixation ## Footnote These adaptations allow plants to minimize water loss.