Exam 1 Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
small membrane enclosed units filled with concentrated aqueous solution of chemicals
A
cell
2
Q
what distinguishes life from other processes
A
heredity
3
Q
cells have been diversifying and evolving for how long
A
3.5+ billion years
4
Q
all cells store genetic info as what
A
DNA
5
Q
totality of cell info
A
genome
6
Q
all ells rep hereditary info by what
A
templated polymerization
7
Q
nucleotide contains what
A
sugar with phos attached, base
8
Q
each sugar in amino acid linked to next via wha t
A
phos group
9
Q
how are bp connecte d
A
h bonds
10
Q
segments of DNA used as templates for synthesis of shorter molecules of RNA
A
transcription
11
Q
RNA -> prot
A
translation
12
Q
backbone of RNA formed by
A
ribos
13
Q
rna transcripts are..
A
mass prod, disposable
14
Q
each aa built around…
A
core structure
15
Q
segment of DNA seq corresponding to single protein or RNA molecule
A
gene
16
Q
bonds holding genetic info together must be strong enough to resist…
A
disordering effects
17
Q
cell membrane has what properties
A
amphiphilic
18
Q
hydrophobic tails are what
A
hydrocarbon polymers
19
Q
purpose of cell membrane
A
import raw materials, export waste
20
Q
random thermal motions of molecules
A
brownian motion
21
Q
what drives diffusion
A
brownian motion
22
Q
random thermal motions used in a directed way
A
brownian ratchet
23
Q
minimum amount of genes a cell can have
A
500
24
Q
3 domains of life
A
eukaryotes, archaea, prokaryote s
25
species judged on how closely related they are by what
looking at similarities of their ribosomal RNA inside ribosomes
26
prokaryotes include what
bacteria, archaea
27
usually larger, contain membrane bound organelles, larger genomes
eukaryotes
28
eukaryotes include
plants, animals fungi
29
most diverse group of organism on planet
bacteria
30
most poorly understood domain
archaea
31
amount of biomass in decreasing order
plants, bacteria, archaea, animals
32
feeds on rock
litho tropic
33
large amount of what needed to drive rxn used to make organic compounds needed for further biosynthesis
free E
34
alterations to nucleotide seq
mutation
35
in most cases, does mutation affect organism
no
36
existing gene can be randomly modified by changes in its DNA seq, through various types of errors that occur in the process of repare
intragenic mutation
37
existing gene can be accidmntlyt duplicated creating pair of initially identical genes with in a cell,
gene duplication
38
2 o r more existing genes can break and rejoin to make a hybrid gene consisting of DNA segments that originally belongs to serrate genes
DNA segment shuffling
39
piece of DNA can be transferred from the genome of one cell to that of another including between species
horizontal gene transfer
40
genes in 2 separate species that derive form the same ancestral gene in the last common ancestor of those 2 species
orthologs
41
related genes that have resulted from gene duplication event with single genome and are likely to have diverged in their function
paralogs
42
DNA polymers with protein
chromosomes
43
double layer membrane around nuc, separates DNA from cytoplasm
nuclear envelope
44
nuclear envelope perforated by what
nucelar pore
45
made up of diff protein filaments, give cell mechanical strength
cytoskeleton
46
controls cell shape and movement
cytoskeleton
47
engulf other cells and small objects
phagocytosis
48
most extensive organelle
endoplasmic reticulum
49
receives from ER and modified packges them for secretion or transport to another cell
golgi
50
small irregularly shaped organelles in which intracellular degradation occurs
lysomeomes
51
small vesicles where hydrogen peroxide used to inactivate toxic molecules
peroxisomes
52
mediate exchange of materials between single membrane enclosed organelles
transport vesicles
53
parts of membrane pinch in to form intracellular vesicles that Carry material captured from ext medium into the cell
endocytosis
54
besides nucleus, what are the other 2 organelles enclosed in double membrane
mitochondria, in plants chloroplasts
55
perform photosynthesis in plant cells + algae
chloroplasts
56
take up oxygen and harness energy from oxidation of food molecules to produce most of ATP
mitochondria
57
surrounding fluid of organelles
cytosol
58
translate RNA to protein
ribosomes
59
where ribosome assembly takes place
nucleolus
60
do mitochondria contain its own DNA
yes
61
strong evidence that mitochondria evolved from..
bacteria
62
chloroplasts have their own...
circular genomes
63
chloroplasts almost certainly evolved from what
symbiotic photosynthesis bacterium
64
natural selection has favored mitochondria with what
small genome
65
eukaryotic genomes rich in what kind of DNA
regulatory
66
cells differ because of selective use of their what
genetic instructions according to dev history
67
mutations reveal what
gene function
68
most important subregions within. gene are what
those that have been conserved throughout the course of evolution
69
small packets of genetic material, evolved from parasites, depend on record and biosyn machinery of host cell
viruses
70
most abundant biological species
viruses
71
chosen model organism in early days of bio
ecoli
72
viruses that infect bacteria
bacteriophages
73
2 bacteriophages that infect e coli
lambda and t4
74
relative of t4 are abundant where
oceans
75
separate intracellular fragments of DNA
plasmids
76
most of our basic understanding about how cells function is from what
e coli
77
minimal model eukaryote
yeast
78
small single celled fungi, closely related to animals
yeast
79
yeast characteristics
easy to grow, tough cell wall, has mitochondria, no chloroplasts
80
how quickly does yeast multiply
every 100 min
81
how does yeast reproduce
sexually or asexualy
82
model plant
arabtidopis
83
has helped understand flower development, coordination with seasons, ability to grow towards sunlight,
arabidopis
84
model organisms of animals
nematode, fly, zebrafish, mouse, human
85
small, attacks crops, life cycle of a few days, can live in freezer
nematode
86
develops like clockwork from fertilized egg to adult with exactly 959 cells
nematodes
87
helped with research on apoptosis
nematodes
88
longest used organism
fruit fly
89
foundation of classical genetics build on this organism
fruit fly
90
provided proof of chromosomes
fruit fly
91
how long do flys take to progress to adults
9 days
92
used for embryonic development in vertebraes
frogs
93
big eggs fertilized outside animal
frogs
94
well suited for genetic analysis, compact genome, lots of mutants, transparent for first 2 weeks of life
zebrafish
95
predominant mammal model organism
mouse
96
feature of DNA that is key to cellular life
ability to replicate
97
transforming into glass like state without crystalizing
vitrification
98
same gene across 2 diff species
ortholog
99
essential feature of model organism
reduced genome for group they're studying, shorter life cycle, easy to culuture in lab
