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Pediatric Obesity > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Since 1971, obesity rates have increased by how much in people aged 2-19?

A

From 5% to 17%, tripled

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2
Q

Health effects of obesity in youth

A

Poor academic performance
Adult obesity
CVD risk factors
Metabolic disease
Asthma
NAFLD
Sleep apnea
Musculoskeletal problems

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3
Q

What is the overall negative effect of obesity on life expectancy in the US.

A

1/3 to 3/4 of a year

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4
Q

Measuring body fatness tools

A

DEXA
MRI
Bioelectrical impedance
Bod pod

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5
Q

DEXA

A

Costly
Radiation exposure
Influenced by hydration
Fat mass Vs. Fat free mass

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6
Q

MRI

A

Very accurate
Body fat distribution
No radiation exposure
Costly
Time consuming

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7
Q

Anthropometry

A

BMI (kg/m2)
Skinfold measures (error prone)
Circumference measures

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8
Q

BMI normal weight range

A

18.5 - 24.9

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9
Q

BMI overweight range

A

25-29.9

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10
Q

BMI obese range

A

30+

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11
Q

BMI percentile 2-18 years

A

95+ obese
85-95 overweight

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12
Q

True or false: BMI is a better indicator of fatness in fatter youth than thinner youth

A

True

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13
Q

True of false: most children who have a BMI for age between 85-95th percentile do not have excess body fat

A

True

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14
Q

High BMI risk factors

A

Triglycerides
LDL cholesterol
HDL cholesterol
Fasting insulin
Blood pressure

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15
Q

NHANES

A

National health and nutrition examination survey
Assess health + nutrition of adults + children
Interviews + physical examinations

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16
Q

What percent of 2-19 year olds are above 95th percentile

A

17%

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17
Q

True or false: other countries use different measures of body composition

A

True

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18
Q

Western diet qualities

A

High in saturated fat, sugar, refined foods,
IOW in fiber

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19
Q

Which areas of the world have the highest prevalence of overweight children

A

North America, Europe, western pacific

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20
Q

What are critical periods in life

A

Periods that may be more sensitive to exposure/ perturbations

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21
Q

Potential determinants of critical periods for abnormal weight gain

A

Genetics
Biological
Environmental
Behavioral

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22
Q

Biological determinants

A

Development of adipocytes
Hormones
Metabolic rate
pregnancy

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23
Q

Environmental determinants

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A

Food availability
Neighborhood parks/recreation
School/home/work

24
Q

Behavioral determinants

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A

Breastfeeding
Physical activity
Sedentary time

25
Critical periods
Adipocyte development Intrauterine life First year of life Preschool-school age Adolescence
26
Why are critical periods important
Identification of individuals at high risk for overweight and prevention of excess weight gain
27
Adipocyte development
Adipocytes develop at 15 weeks gestation Adipocytes grow more in size than number during infancy Age 2-14, obese increase In fat cell size + number Hyperplasia + hypertrophy
28
Intrauterine factors
Low and high birth weight Gestational diabetes
29
Gestational diabetes
Maternal hyperglycemia leads to excess fetal insulin production Acts as a growth stimulator for the fetus
30
Low birth weight
Under-nutation may lead to energy efficiency and thrifty metabolic program
31
High birth weight
Over nutrition may be over development of fat cell size, number, or signaling
32
First year of life
Rapid growth Double birth wight in first 4-6 months Feeding practices Locomotion
33
Pre school (2-6)
Transition to real food Locomotion and physical activity Adiposity (BMI) rebound
34
Adiposity (BMI) rebound
BMI increases then decreases, at 5yo it increases again Earlier rebound may mean obesity
35
School age (6-11)
Physical activity patterns Physical inactivity Eating habits Sleep patterns Psychosocial factors
36
Adolescence (12-18+)
Puberty Boys: fat free increase, body fat decrease Girls: fat mass and fat free mass increase Leisure time physical activity Social networks Contraceptive use
37
Tanner scale (sexual maturity rating)
Scale of physical development in children and adolescence Breast size Testicular volume Pubic hair development
38
What happens at 12 years old regarding fat free mass
Begins to plateau in girls Gains rate increased in boys
39
When is fat free mass stable
Girls: 15 - 16 Boys: 17-19
40
Growth hormone
Stimulates lipolysis Adiposity suppresses GH
41
Testosterone on body composition
Increases lipless, protein synthesis, muscle fiber growth
42
Estrogen on body composition
Inhibits lipless
43
Why is breastfeeding better
Active suckle required unlike bottle Promotes self-regulation
44
Thrifty genotype hypothesis
Evolution from famine led to more efficient fat storage
45
Heritability definition
The relative proportion of the total phenotypic variance in a complex trait that is attributable to the additive effects of genes
46
Assertive mating
The propensity for individuals to select romantic partners with similar behaviors and body types
47
Genome wide association studies (GWAS)
Scan sets of DNA in large populations to see whether genetic variations are more common in affected individuals than controls Provide clues into potential biological pathways that may be associated with obesity
48
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
A change in a single nucleotide pair Can act as genetic warning signs
49
Fat mass obesity gene (FTO)
T is protective allele A is the risk allele Suggests a role in central control of energy balance
50
What influence does FTC have on children
Associated with energy intake and energy density of meal
51
What drives pediatric obesity?
Energy intake vs energy expenditure
52
Basal metabolism
65%
53
Energy intake vs expenditure
Eating Basal metabolism/ growth spurts Physical activity Thermogenesis (NEAT)
54
Obesity epidemic flood factors
Availability of energy dense foods Marketing of products to kids Replacing manual labor with technology Eliminating recess and PE Lack of time/attention/aptitude for cooking Suburban sprawl (built environment)
55
Energy (im)balance theory
Emphasizes restriction of dietary energy intake with increases in general physical activity as a a supporting role Only useful with obese people
56
Vigorous physical activity in obese youth

Pediatric Obesity (1 decks)

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