Exam 1 Flashcards
(59 cards)
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4:14 AM Mon Feb 10
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- Darwin’s Observations: Noticed variation among species in different regions
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particularly in the
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Galápagos.
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- Malthus’ Essay on the Principle of Population: Malthus argued that population growth is checked
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by factors like famine and disease
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influencing Darwin’s idea of natural selection.
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- First Edition of Origin of Species: Published in 1859.
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- Alfred Russell Wallace: Developed the theory of natural selection independently
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worked in the
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Amazon and Malay Archipelago.
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- **Mammals **:
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- Placentals: Mammals that give live birth (e.g.
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humans
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- Marsupials: Mammals that carry their young in a pouch (e.g.
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kangaroos).
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- Monotremes: Egg-laying mammals (e.g.
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platypus
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- Biogeography: The study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space.
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- Wallace Line: A boundary separating species of Asian origin from those of Australian origin in
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the Malay Archipelago.
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- Genotype & Phenotype:
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- Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism.
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- Phenotype: Physical expression of genes (traits).
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- Genes & Alleles:
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- Genes: Segments of DNA that code for traits.
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- Alleles: Different forms of a gene.
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- Ecophenotypy: Environmental influences on an organism’s phenotype.
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- ** Variation vs. Diversity**:
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_ **Variation**: Differences in traits within a population.
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_ **Diversity**: Differences across populations and species.
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- **Three Requirements for Natural Selection**:
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1. Variation in traits.
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2. Heritable traits.
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3. Differential reproduction.
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- **Overproduction of Offspring**: More offspring are produced than can survive.
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- **Fitness**: An individual's ability to survive and reproduce.
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- **Fecundity**: The potential reproductive capacity of an organism.
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- **Types of Natural Selection**:
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1. **Stabilizing Selection**: Favors average traits (e.g.
human birth weight).
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2. **Directional Selection**: Favors one extreme trait (e.g.
beak size in finches).
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**LECTURE 8: NATURAL SELECTION (2/7)**
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_ **Diversifying (Disruptive) Selection**: Favors both extremes of a trait (e.g.
bird beaks that are
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either large or small
but not medium-sized).
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_ **Drift**: Random changes in allele frequencies
particularly in small populations.
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- **Descent with Modification**: The concept that species evolve over time through the accumulation
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of small changes.
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- **Is Evolution Random?**: No
while mutations are random
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environmental pressures.
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- **Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics**: Evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria through natural
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selection.
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- **Plasmids**: Small DNA molecules in bacteria that can transfer genetic material
including
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mutations.
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- **Biological Species Concept**: Species are groups of organisms that can interbreed and produce
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fertile offspring
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- **Hybrids**: The offspring of two different species
which may thrive in new environments.
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- **Artificial Selection**: Selective breeding by humans to encourage specific traits.
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_ **Darwin's Dilemma**: Darwin's struggle to understand how natural selection could lead to complex
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traits.
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This is a broad overview of terms from your study guide
so you can now use this to create your
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flashcards. Let me know if you need further explanations or help
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Study guide geosci exam 1
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