Exam 1 Flashcards
(27 cards)
Tips to Improve Memory
A - Attention
A - Association
I - Imagery (Abstract & Concrete)
S - Sleep & Relaxation
S - Senses
E - Exercise
R - Reduce Overload & Practice
R - Recreate testing environment
Spaced Practice
- take breaks in between studies
- leads to good memory retention
- leads to good performance
- the longer the break, the longer you will remember
- creates distinct encoding where you will have lots of possibe cures
Masses Reading
- cramming all material
- does not lead to good performance
Testing Effect
- Instead of re-strudying material, you quiz and test yourself
- leads to good performance (best with spaced reading)
- effective for long term rentention
- brings info from long term to working memory
mimics surprise anxiety from test
Eich Reading
- promotes spaced reading
- Cognitive illusion: illusion that we think were learning more with non-effective methods (like massed reading)
Thoth
Egyptian goddess of memory and wisdom
Mnemosyne
Greek goddess of memory
History of memory
- more philosophical
- is knowledge inherited or learned (nature vs nurture)
Nativist
- Advocated by Plato
- believed knowledge is fixed at birth
- we have differences in skill and talent
- “Sorting quality” soon after birth is problematic
Empiricist
- Advocated by Aristotle
- endless possibilities
- we are shaped by environment and experiences
(others: John Locke
Theory of Associationism (Aristotle)
- memory depends on linkages
- recalling a memory elicits another memory
- links multiple events together
(other: William James
Theory of Associationism - Contiguity
experiences close in time become linked
Theory of Associationism - Frequency
experiences repeated together become linked
Theory of Associationism - Similarity
experiences similar to one another. become linked
John Locke
- believe in tabula rasa: we are born with a blank slate
- believed good education should be available to all regardless of class and wealth
William James
- Taught the first course in psychology in America
- advocated for associationism
- had early ideas about neuroscience and brain plasticity
Mary Whiton Calkins
- denied a phd cause shes a woman (wouldve been the first to attain a phd)
- first femal president of Psychology Association
- worked with william james
- known for her work “paired associate learning”
Inez Beverly Prosser
- First black woman to receive a PHD in psychology
- Known for her work on learning, education, reform, racial identity
Hermann Ebbinghaus
- Conducted the first rigorous experiments of memory (mostly on himself)
- famous for his memory plots (forgetting curves): we forget a lot in the first 24 hours
within subject
everyone gets tests
between subjects
groups are separated
Marigold linton
- First Indigenous woman in the US to obtain a PHd in Psych
- Like Gina Poe, she always advocated for women
- Experimented memory on herself (article)
- Different approach than Hermann Ebbinghaus, but generalizability is still an issue
Ivan Pavlov
- formed classical conditioning
Classical conditioning
- when a neutral stimuli becomes linked and elicits a response
