Exam 1

Question 1

What are the seven properties of living organisms?

Answer 1

Order
Energy
Responds to Stimulus
Reproduction
Evolutionary Adaptation
Regulation
Growth and Development

Question 2

What are the seven themes that connect biology?

Answer 2

New properties emerge at each level in biological hierarchy
Organisms interact with their environment
Life requires energy transfer and transformation
Structure and function are correlated
Cells are the basic unit of life
Continuity of life is based on DNA
Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems

Question 3

What are the two types of feedback mechanisms?

Answer 3

Negative feedback

Positive feedback

Question 4

What is taxonomy?

Answer 4

The branch of biology that names and classifies species

Question 5

What is the order of classification?

Answer 5

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 6

What is discovery science?

Answer 6

Describes natural structures and processes

Based on observation and analysis of data

Question 7

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?

Answer 7

Qualitative data is behaviors and observations

Quantitative data is a precise number

Question 8

What did linnaeus do?

Answer 8

Created binomial nomenclature

Question 9

Who was the first person to propose a way of naming species?

Answer 9

Linnaeus

Question 10

What did Cuvier discover?

Answer 10

There are different organisms in different layers of rock

Question 11

What did Lamarck propose?

Answer 11

Species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics
Changes that occur during life are passed to the next generation

Question 12

What were the two main ideas in “The Origins of the Species”

Answer 12

Descent with modification

Natural selection

Question 13

What were Darwin’s four big observations?

Answer 13

Members of a population often vary greatly in their traits
Traits are inheritable
All species can produce more offspring than the environment can support
Many offspring don’t survive due to lack of resources

Question 14

What were Darwin’s two inferences?

Answer 14

Individuals with better traits survive and reproduce better

Better traits will be more common in an environment

Question 15

What are the four evidences of evolution?

Answer 15

Direct observations of evolutionary change
Fossil evidence
Homology
Biogeography

Question 16

What do fossil records provide evidence of?

Answer 16

Extinction of species
Origin of new species
Changes within groups over time

Question 17

What are homologous structures?

Answer 17

Similar structures that have been modified for different purposes

Question 18

What is microevolution?

Answer 18

a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

Question 19

What is needed in order to have variation?

Answer 19

Mutation and Meiosis

Question 20

What are the conditions for Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium?

Answer 20

No mutations
Random mating
No natural selection
Extremely large population size
No gene flow

Question 21

What is the main source of energy for producers?

Answer 21

Light energy

Question 22

What kind of organisms are fungi and plants?

Answer 22

Eukaryotic

Question 23

Which way of incluencing gene frequencies most consistently requires a small population?

Answer 23

Genetic Drift

Question 24

What is a genome?

Answer 24

The entire set of alleles and traits in a species

Question 25

What is artificial selection?

Answer 25

The process of man interfering with natural selection to breed individuals with specific traits

Question 26

What is the founder effect?

Answer 26

An example of genetic drift caused by separation of a small group to a different location

Question 27

What is allopatric speciation?

Answer 27

Speciation caused by a population getting divided into 2 separate geographical locations

Question 28

Distinguish the difference between discovery and hypothesis-based science

Answer 28

Discovery science is based off of observation and data analysis Hypothesis science is based from observing and asking questions

Question 29

What is reductionism?

Answer 29

The reduction of more complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

Question 30

What is inquiry?

Answer 30

The search for information and explanation

Question 31

What do eukaryotic cells contain that prokaryotic cells do not?

Answer 31

nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles

Question 32

What is the scientific method?

Answer 32

``` Observation Question Form a hypothesis Testing Draw conclusions ```

Question 33

What did lyell say?

Answer 33

Geological changes occur and are constant

Question 34

What are acquired characteristics?

Answer 34

Changes that occur during life are passed to the next generation

Question 35

What are discrete characters?

Answer 35

Either one choice or another | White or black

Question 36

What is genetic drift?

Answer 36

Describes how allele frequencies drift

Question 37

What is the bottleneck effect?

Answer 37

Reduction in population size due to environment change

Question 38

What is gene flow?

Answer 38

Movement of alleles among populations

Question 39

What is directional selection?

Answer 39

Favors individuals at one end of the phenotype range

Question 40

What is disruptive selection?

Answer 40

The extremes in the phenotypic range is favored

Question 41

What is stabilizing selection?

Answer 41

The middle phenotypic range is favored

Question 42

What is adaptive evolution?

Answer 42

The constant attempt to match between an organism and it's enviornment

Question 43

What is sexual selection?

Answer 43

Natural selection for mating success

Question 44

What is sexual dimorphism?

Answer 44

Two genders looking different

Question 45

What is the biological species content?

Answer 45

Populations that have the ability to interbreed and produce viable offspring

Question 46

What is productive isolation?

Answer 46

Biological factors that impede two species from producing viable offspring

Question 47

What are the prezygotic barriers?

Answer 47

Habitat isolation - environmental barriers Temporal isolation - times don't line up Behavioral isolation - rituals prevent mating Mechanical isolation - physically can't mate Gametic isolation - gametes don't recognize

Question 48

What are the postzygotic barriers?

Answer 48

Reduced hybrid viability - offspring never fully develop Reduced hybrid fertility - offspring is sterile Hybrid breakdown - Offspring of hybrid is low quality

Question 49

What is sympatric speciation?

Answer 49

Speciation takes place in geographically overlapping areas

Question 50

What causes sympatric speciation?

Answer 50

Polyploidy - Haploid cells are diploid Habitat differentiation - different niches are being occupied Sexual selection - females look for different traits

Question 51

What are the three possibilities of species that meet in a hybrid zone?

Answer 51

Strengthening of reproductive barriers - they get farther apart Weakening of reproductive barriers - two species fuse into one Continued formation of hybrid individuals - creates a stable hybrid zone