Exam 1

Question 1

Scientific method

Answer 1

hypothesis testing

Question 2

Hydrologic cycle

Answer 2

Evaporate, rain, run off

Question 3

Water Facts

Answer 3

1. Ocean covers about 71% of the surface
2. > 97% in the ocean
3. most fresh water is in glaciers

Question 4

Big bang

Answer 4

about 13.8 years ago

Question 5

Earth formation

Answer 5

1. 4.54 billion years ago
2. impacts, melting, stratification, oldest rocks and minerals

Question 6

Matters on earth: Heavy Elements

Answer 6

Former stars like betelguese today

Question 7

Matters on Earth: Silicates

Answer 7

Dominate crust

Question 8

Origins of the ocean

Answer 8

Volcanic outgassing, impacts. cooling, condensation of
water

Question 9

Early atmosphere

Answer 9

water vapor, CO2, N2, SO2) unlike today; photosynthesis later

Question 10

Early explorers

Answer 10

Phoenicians, Greeks, Egyptians, Chinese, Polynesians

Question 11

Eratosthenes

Answer 11

early maps,
Earth’s circumference; celestial navigation;

Question 12

Hipparchus and Ptolemy

Answer 12

Longitude and latitude formalized by
Hipparchus and Ptolemy

Question 13

Longitude and Latitude:

Answer 13

Sphere divided into degrees. 360°/24 hours = 15°
longitude/hour

Question 14

Prime meridian

Answer 14

The line that all longitude os based off

Question 15

Chronometer maker

Answer 15

John Harrison

Question 16

Earth is layered. How we know?

Answer 16

Earthquakes and Seismology; P (primary) and S (secondary)
waves

Question 17

Earth chemistry layers

Answer 17

crust (oceanic basaltic; continental granitic),
mantle more iron, magnesium in minerals),
core (more iron, magnesium in minerals)

Question 18

Earth Mechanical layers

Answer 18

Lithosphere;
Asthenosphere (partly molten
upper mantle);
Core (liquid outer; solid inner).

Question 19

Continental drift

Answer 19

the theory that Earth’s continents move over time. The continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea, and then split apart and drifted to their current positions

Question 20

A. Wegner

Answer 20

Theory about Contiental drift and pangea;

Evidence: Fossils (Gondwana)

Question 21

Divergent plates

Answer 21

two plates move apart from each other
Examples
African rift valley

Question 22

Convergent plates

Answer 22

two plates move toward each other and interact
Plate Suturing: Mountain
Example
Ring of Fire (Aleutian Islands)

Question 23

Transform plates

Answer 23

offsets; many along ridges; San Andreas; earthquakes); side to side;

No crust is created or destroyed

Question 24

Convergent plate types

Answer 24

1) ocean-ocean (trench);
2) ocean-continent (trench);
3) continent-continent (mountains; Himalayas) (suture);
Terranes added to continents (Plateaus, continent fragments, volcanic islands

Question 25

Bathymetry

Answer 25

mapping of the ocean floor EX: Echo sounding, sonar, multibeam echo sounders, satellite altimetry (water elevation vs. gravitational attraction by undersea hills, mountains, volcanos)

Question 26

Continental Margin types

Answer 26

passive (rifting, divergent, quiet) and active (subduction, convergent, volcanism);

Question 27

continental margin parts

Answer 27

Shelf – shallow, low inclination; maximum depth typically < 150m Slope – steeper, edge of continental crust (+sediment); submarine canyons Rise – sediments piled against slope out into the ocean basin

Question 28

Buoyancy

Answer 28

tendency of an object to float or to rise in a fluid when submerged.

Question 29

Isostasy

Answer 29

The rising or settling of a portion of the Earth's lithosphere that occurs when weight is removed or added in order to maintain equilibrium between buoyancy forces that push the lithosphere upward, and gravity forces that pull the lithosphere downward

Question 30

Subduction Zone

Answer 30

Convergent) trenches; where two tectonic plates meet and one slides beneath the other

Question 31

Terrigenous Sediment

Answer 31

From the land; weathering; Sizes: clay, silt, sand, and gravel

Question 32

Biogenic Sediment

Answer 32

Ocean life and skeletons; Plankton and shell or other skeletal parts

Question 33

Hydrogenous Sediment

Answer 33

Sediment that comes from the ocean itself; Forms in the ocean by precipitation; manganese and phosphate nodules

Question 34

Cosmogenous Sediment

Answer 34

Sediment from space: meteorites and dust

Question 35

Nertic Sediment

Answer 35

Near Land, Shallow water, most terrigenous

Question 36

Pelagic sediment

Answer 36

Deep ocean sediment; (can be on slope and rise

Question 37

Ooze

Answer 37

deep see sediment contains at least 30% biogenous material

Question 38

Turbidites

Answer 38

poorly sorted layers of sand to clay

Question 39

Ocean Plateau

Answer 39

big area were lava forms layers and stick out from the abyssal plain

Question 40

Seafloor spreading theory

Answer 40

By Hess and Dietz (~1960); Seafloor develops at mid-Atlantic ridge and spreads outwards

Question 41

Hotspot

Answer 41

a region of intense heat within the Earth's mantle that causes volcanoes to form on the surface.

Question 42

Terranes

Answer 42

a crust fragment formed on a tectonic plate and accreted or "sutured" to crust lying on another plate.

Question 43

Passive Margins

Answer 43

no subduction zones Face the edges of diverging plates

Question 44

Active Margins

Answer 44

Yes tectonic Faces edges of CONVERGING PLATES Associated with ongoing earthquake and volcanic activity