Exam 1

Question 1

Biomimicy

Answer 1

Functions like nature
The practice of mimicking strategies found in nature to solve human design challenges

Question 2

Biomorphism

Answer 2

Looks like nature

Question 3

What are the factors used to determine confidence in a sample?

Answer 3

Sample size, replication, statistical independence, randomization, and controlling factors

Question 4

Stenothermal

Answer 4

Organisms that can withstand only a narrow temp range

Question 5

Eurythermal

Answer 5

Organisms that can withstand broad temperature ranges

Question 6

Osmoregulators

Answer 6

Organisms that moderate their own salinity

Question 7

Osmoconformers

Answer 7

Organisms that conform to salinity

Question 8

Reynolds number

Answer 8

Ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces

Question 9

Trophic level

Answer 9

Level of an organism in a food web. Highest number = apex predator

Question 10

Primary consumers

Answer 10

Organisms that eat plants/algae, first link in food chain

Question 11

Secondary consumer

Answer 11

Organisms that eat primary consumers

Question 12

Two types of symbiotic relationships

Answer 12

Obligate - required for survival
Facultative - advantageous for both but not strictly necessary

Question 13

Mutualism

Answer 13

Both species benefit from

Question 14

Commensalism

Answer 14

One species benefits, the other is indifferent

Question 15

Parasitism

Answer 15

Helps one at the expense of another

Question 16

Two types of competition

Answer 16

Intraspecific - between species members
Interspecifc - between species

Question 17

Batesian Mimicry

Answer 17

Defenseless organisms bears a close resemblance to a noxious one

Question 18

Mullerian mimicy

Answer 18

When 2 or more species w effective defenses share a similar appearance/signal

Question 19

Aggressive mimicry

Answer 19

When a predator mimics its prey (or it’s prey’s prey)

Question 20

The two types of sexual selection

Answer 20

Intrasexual selection - competition between members of the same sex
Intersexual selection - mate choice

Question 21

Interstitial space

Answer 21

The space between sand particles

Question 22

Factors to consider for organisms living in sandy shorelines

Answer 22

• loose sediment (interstitial spaces) and associated instability
• desiccation
• temperature
• oxygen depletion

Question 23

Some adaptations of organisms living in sandy shorelines

Answer 23

• many modes of locomotion
• burrowing to protect from sun and dessciation
• lot of opportunistic feeders
• lots of filter feeders and scavenges

Question 24

Ecological niche

Answer 24

The sum total of an organism’s use of the biotic and abiotic resources in a environment
Includes
- space utlization
- food consumption
- temperature range
- moisture requirements

Question 25

Fundamental niche vs realized niche

Answer 25

Fundamental - the set of resources a population is theoretically capable of using under ideal conditions Realized niche - the set of resources a population actually uses

Question 26

Zonation - what is it and what factors drive it?

Answer 26

The pattern by which species replace one another along the gradient from shore Driven by physical factors such as dessication, temp, UV stress, oxygen limitations, abrasion, wave shock, etc. Also driven by predation and competition

Question 27

Monogamy def and types

Answer 27

Monogamy - single male and female mate exclusively Types Social - true monogamy Serial monograms - multiple monogamous relationships across lifetime

Question 28

Polygamy types

Answer 28

Polygyny - male mates with more than one female Polyandry - female mates with more than one male (example is seahorses) Polygynandry - both males and females mate with more than one induvidual

Question 29

Broadcast spawning is ________ dependent.

Answer 29

Density - the number of induviduals involved influences the success of the process

Question 30

Gonochoristic

Answer 30

Each induvidual produces gametes of only 1 or 2 distinct sexes

Question 31

Hermaphroditic

Answer 31

Each induvidual can produce gametes of either sec (both eggs and sperm) - this takes a lot of energy - but makes sure that you can mate with everyone!

Question 32

Hermaphroditism

Answer 32

Sequential hermaphrodites - the induvidual is born as one sex but can later change into the opposite sex

Question 33

Types of hermaphroditism

Answer 33

Protandy/protandrous - male to female Protogyny/protogynous - female to male

Question 34

List a couple adaptations of red mangroves

Answer 34

- secretes extra salt through leaves - had prop roots that allow for oxygen absorption - roots also act as a filtration system - has a sunken stomata

Question 35

Hjulstrom Diagram

Answer 35

Illustrates the relationship between velocity of water and the size of sediment particles that can be transported, eroded, or deposited.

Question 36

Interference competition

Answer 36

Competitors physically deprive other organisms access to resources (limpets are an example of this)

Question 37

Exploitative competition

Answer 37

Reducing the availability of a resource to competing induviduals or species

Question 38

Preemptive competition

Answer 38

Competitor recruits to and dominates a habitat, monopolizing all available space

Question 39

Why was Azam et al. important?

Answer 39

Introduced the idea of the microbial loop - before the paper, bacteria weren’t seen as a part of the microbial loop. - while bacteria are still responsible for some remineralization, they also serve as prey for really small plankton, which lengthens the food chain - bacteria are actually probably so good at taking in minerals that any remineralization that they do complete is probably used up by other members in their own population

Question 40

Why are primary producers important?

Answer 40

They are vital because they decide the energy budget for the whole ecosystem

Question 41

Do microbial loops tend to dominate in low or high nutrient environments?

Answer 41

Low environments because more direct food chains tend to dominate in high nutrient environments

Question 42

What is the main thing that limits phytoplankton growth?

Answer 42

Nutrients such as - carbon (found in atsmophere) - phosphorus (continental weathering) - nitrogen (atsmopheric nitrogen, must be fixated before use) - iron (dust from Sahara) - silica (river water, hydrothermal vents, glacial weathering)

Question 43

Phytoplankton

Answer 43

Microscopic marine algae

Question 44

Cyanbacteria (some key features)

Answer 44

- small - photosynthetic - prokaryotic - some species are nitrogen fixers - accounts for 25% of marine primary production

Question 45

Diatoms Key Features

Answer 45

- still smallish - 2 forms - pennate or centric - responsible for 20-40% of global marine primary production - usually non motile

Question 46

Dinoflagellates

Answer 46

- larger but still single celled - motile - mixotrophic (photosynthesis and prey ingestion) -

Question 47

What is primary production?

Answer 47

The process of converting carbon into organic compounds. For example, photosynthesis takes carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight and creates oxygen and glucose.

Question 48

What methods did Azam et Al use to measure bacteria synthesis

Answer 48

H-thymidine incorporation (thymidine was released when bacteria reproduce)

Question 49

3 main things that Azam et al used to support their claims

Answer 49

1. Bacteria consume DOM (dead organic matter) 2. Bacteria are being grazed by Protozoa 3. Contribute significantly to marine food webs

Question 50

Am I gonna kick ass on this exam?

Answer 50

Yupp