Exam 1 Flashcards by Ellianna Ramos

Electrolyte that associates with the brain

Sodium

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electrolyte that associates with the Heart and GI

Potassium

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electrolyte that associates with the Heart and Muscle

Calcium

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Hyponatremia causes

diuretic, vomiting, diarrhea, polydipsia, Heart/Lung/Kidney Fail

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Hypernatremia causes

increase in sodium intake, intake w/o fluid intake, fluid deprivation, fluid loss, hyperventilation

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hypokalemia causes

decreased intake, increase output, increase in aldosterone, increase in insulin, decrease in magnesium, medications

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hyperkalemia causes

meds, cell injury, acidosis, hypoaldosteronism, increase in K+ intake w/ renal failure, kidney dysfunction

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hypocalcemia causes

decrease intake of calcium, vitamin d deficiency, malabsorption, decrease PTH secretion, medications (loop, calcitonin, corticosteroid)

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hypercalcemia causes

90% malignancy or hyperparathyroidism, immobility (rare), meds (thiazide,lithium)

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hypomagnesemia causes

malnutrition, ETOH abuse, GI loss, enteral/parenteral nut, DKA, drugs (loop/thiazide, digoxin, aminoglycoside atb)

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hypermagnesemia causes

renal fail/dialysis, tissue trauma, increase Mg admin, meds (lithium, laxative, MOM), meds slow GI motility (opioid, anticholinergic)

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s/sx of hyponatremia

Neuro: confusion/ HA/lethargy, seizure,
gait disturb
Muscle weakness
N/V

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s/sx of hypernatremia

Neuro: restless/
weak, disorientation,
delirium, hallucinate,
seizure
Thirst
Muscle weakness
Dry mucous mem
↓ UOP
Mild fever

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s/sx of hypokalemia

Arrhythmia/
tachycardia
Muscle cramping
Hypotension
Weakness
GI cramping/N
Resp depression

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s/sx of hyperkalemia

ECG - tall peaked T
waves
Dysrhythmia - irreg,
brady
Muscle weak, twitch,
flaccid paralysis
Irritability/anxiety
Abdominal cramping
Diarrhea

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s/sx of hypocalcemia

Neuromusc hyperact:
chvostek, trousseau
Numbness/tingling
in fingers/toes
Shortened QT
↑ bleeding risk
Seizure
Dyspnea/
laryngospasm
CATS: convulsion,
arrhythmia, tetany,
spasm, stridor

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s/sx of hypercalcemia

Bone pain
Kidney stone
Abd pain, N/V/C
Anxiety, fatigue,
psychosis,
depression
↓ DTR
Prolonged QT
↑ blood clot risk

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s/sx of hypomagnesemia

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Muscle weak,
cramping, tetany,
tremors
Neuro: disorient,
psychosis, vertigo,
irritability,
combative,
depression
Ventricular
arrhythmia (v fib,
PVC, SVT, torsades)

s/sx hypermagnesemia

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Depress CNS and
nerves: weakness,
lethargy, dizzy,
confusion
Vasodilation and
dysrhythmia -
hypotension, brady
Respiratory suppress
DTR lost, paralysis -
coma
> 10 - resp/cardiac
failure

treatment of hyponatremia

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Na replace: PO,
NGT, isotonic,
hypertonic (3%, 5%)
Fluid restriction
Must be gradual!
Diuretic
Dialysis

treatment of hypernatremia

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Gradual lowering w/
hypotonic fluid
Diuretics (loop,
thiazide)

treatment of hypokalemia

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Diet, supplement
(taste gross)
IV K replacement -
IVPB, 20g, NS, 10-
20 min, cardiac
monitor, irritation

treatment of hyperkalemia

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Diet/med restriction
Calcium gluconate -
protects heart
Sodium bicarbonate -
reverse acidosis
Kayexalate -
removed in BM
Insulin - push K into
cell
Neb Albuterol - push
K into cell
Dialysis (severe)

treatment of hypocalcemia

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Ca, Vit D
supplement
Calcium
carbonate
antacid - ↓
phosphorus level
IV calcium gluconate
- infusion pump, risk
hypotension, digitalis
toxicity

treatment of hypercalcemia

Treat underlying cause ↓ dietary intake Fluids (NS) Loop diuretic IM calcitonin IV phosphate Dialysis

nursing management for hyponatremia

Daily weight I&O Neuro Hx

nursing management of hypernatremia

I&O Neuro Na level Prevention!

nursing management of hypokalemia

Cardiac, renal monitor Edu diuretics, renal issues

nursing management of hyperkalemia

S/sx, K+ trends High K+ need verify Side effect of med admin

nursing management of hypocalcemia

Cardiac, Ca level, seizure/fall precaution, airway, EKG, bleeding

treatment of hypomagnesemia

Diet PO mg salt (cause D) Magnesium sulfate IV - infusion pump, risk cardiac/resp ADR, anticonvulsant, status asthmaticus

treatment of hypermagnesemia

D/C all sources Mg Loop diuretic Isotonic fluids IV calcium gluconate (Mg antagonist)

nursing management of hypomagnesemia

Seizure/fall precaut, Dysphagia Edu abuse diuretic, laxative, alc

nursing management for hypermagnesemia

Dont admin Mg to pt in renal failure Monitor s/sx, IV admin, ECG

bottom tier on maslow hierarchy

physiological needs: food, water, warmth, rest

2nd to bottom tier on maslow's hierarchy

safety needs: security, safety

middle tier on maslow's hierarchy

belongingness and love needs: intimate relationships, friends

2nd to top tier on maslow's hierarchy

esteem needs: prestige, feeling of acomplishment

top tier on maslow's hierarchy

self-actualisation: achieving one's full potential, including creative activities

health alteration

broad concept meaning any physiological change ex: COPD is a chronic health alteration

health disparity

preventable difference in outcomes experienced by disadvantaged groups through health factors ex: the increased black maternal mortality rate compared to other races w/ similar backgrounds

disability

a physical or mental condition that significantly limits a persons ability to perform activites of daily living

chronic illness

long-lasting medical conditions that may or may not cause disability but persist over time, often for the rest of a persons life chronic illness can exist without disability, but disability may result from both chronic illnesses and other causes

factors related to the increasing incidence of chronic conditions

aging population, lifestyle factors, environmental factors, medical advancements, healthcare access

Exam 1 Flashcards

(44 cards)