exam 1 Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
what ages does adolescence span?
A
roughly 11-20
2
Q
what ages constitute early adolescence?
A
11-14
3
Q
what developmental tasks happen in early adolescence?
A
teens adapt to rapid body and mind changes, social roles & new physique
4
Q
what ages constitute middle adolescence?
A
15-18
5
Q
what developmental tasks happen in middle adolescence?
A
Achieving psychological independence, close friendships, intimate relationships
6
Q
what is late adolescence?
A
19-22ish
7
Q
what developmental tasks happen in late adolescence?
A
Considering economic career, acquiring mature values, preparing for partnership and family life
8
Q
what were some key elements of the late 1800’s - early 20th C Canada?
A
- children working in farms, mills, factories
- urbanization
- establishment of public schools
- establishment of teacher training
9
Q
what did Hall believe about adolescence?
A
Adolescence was the period when we went from
being beast-like to civilized; biologically constrained to
be in “storm and stress”.
9
Q
who is the “father of adolescence?”
A
Stanley Hall
10
Q
true or false: 300% more individuals graduated from high school in 1930 than in 1900.
A
False; 600%
11
Q
by 1911, how much of the teen population (14-19) was in school?
A
50%
12
Q
what is inventionism?
A
the idea that adolescence emerged as recently as the beginning of the 20th century. It suggests that labour laws and compulsory education separated young people from the adult world and invented adolescents.
13
Q
what is a stereotype?
A
a broad category that reflects our impressions and beliefs about people; an image
of what the typical member of a particular group is like.
14
Q
what are some adolescent stereotypes?
A
teens are often portrayed as:
1. more troubled
2. less respectful
3. more self-centered
4. more assertive
5. more adventurous
15
Q
true or false: the adolescent generalization gap is the widespread generalizations about adolescents based on information about a limited, often highly visible group of adolescents.
A
true
16
Q
what is the purpose of the endocrine system?
A
In charge of releasing hormones to maintain countless bodily functions (moods, metabolism, reproduction etc)
17
Q
what are the components of the HPG axis?
A
hypothalamus, pituitary glands and gonads
18
Q
what does the hypothalamus do?
A
monitors levels of sex hormones; when the levels are too low, the hypothalamus signals the pituitary with gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH)
19
Q
what does the pituitary do?
A
sends luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
20
Q
what do the gonads do?
A
produce more hormones in the ovaries (estrogen) and testes (androgens)
21
Q
true or false: Estradiol and testosterone increase during puberty for only girls
A
false: estradiol and testosterone increase during puberty for boys and girls, but the amounts are very different
22
Q
how much does testosterone increase during puberty?
A
20x in boys and doubles in girls
23
Q
how much does estradiol increase during puberty?
A
8x in girls and doubles in boys
24
when do teens have their growth spurt?
girls around 10-16 and boys around 12-18
25
what is asynchronicity in puberty?
when body parts develop at different rates, which is why teens can sometimes look tall and gangly
26
what is the average age for a first period in Canada?
12.7 y/o
27
true or false: the average age of menarche has declined by 2 months every 10 years
true
28
why might precocious puberty be on the rise?
1. improved nutrition
2. obesity
3. stress
29
when is the average age for semenarche?
12.5-13.5 y/o
30
what is the order of pubertal development in girls?
1. breast enlargement
2. pubic hair/underarm hair & BO
3. first period (usually 2-3 years after breast development)
4. fat deposition around hips and thighs
31
what is the order of pubertal development in boys?
1. testes enlargement
2. pubic hair
3. growth of penis and scrotum (usually 1 years after testes enlargement)
4. increased muscularity
32
how can early puberty affect girls?
generally a negative experience:
1. risk of early pregnancy
2. lower self-esteem
3. increased anxiety and depression
4. involvement with older sexual partners
5. increased smoking, drinking and drug use
6. potential for eating disorder & negative body image
7. engaging in delinquency
8. increased parental independence
9. shorter in height
10. increased weight and body fat
33
how can late puberty affect girls?
1. later involvement in sexual activity
2. taller in height
3. thinner and lower body fat
4. more positive body image
5. increased anxiety and depression
34
how can early puberty affect boys?
generally a positive experience
1. show more leadership and maturity
2. more athletic
3. more positive self and body image
4. fewer difficulties with parents
5. increased parental independence
6. less knowledge/preparation for change
7. earlier sexual activity
8. more hostility and depression
9. increased problems in school and delinquency
10. smoking, drinking, drug use
35
how can late puberty affect boys?
1. increased anxiety, depression and sleep problems
2. lower self image
3. more social initiative and intellectual curiosity
4. more creative and insightful as adults
5. more knowledge and preparation for change
6. decreased smoking, drinking and drug use
7. later involvement in sexual activity
36
what are the 4 hypotheses for pubertal timing?
1. deviance hypothesis
2. stage termination hypothesis
3. adult resemblance hypothesis
4. hormonal exposure hypothesis
37
deviance hypothesis
Being noticeably different is automatically stressful, so early or late experiences are likely negative
38
stage termination hypothesis
The essential task of the childhood stage of development are incomplete or if late, adolescence may be too short or extend into adult years
39
adult resemblance hypothesis
Looking like an adult confers adult status, privilege and responsibility with mixed results
40
hormonal exposure hypothesis
Some effects may be driven by earlier or later hormonal exposure to the developing brain
41
intersex spectrum
Intersex is a general term used to describe a person who is born with a reproductive anatomy that doesn't seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male.
42
give some examples as to how cultures respond to puberty?
sweet sixteen, quincenera, bar/bat mitzvah, etc
43
Approximately how many neurons does the brain have? How many connections do these neurons form?
1 billion neurons and 1 quadrillion connections
44
How fast can info travel in the brain?
Up to 268 miles per hour
45
what is the synaptic pruning process?
1. Before birth, too many cells and connections that can't all survive.
2. For a synapse to survive, it must encounter a partner, an antenna from another cell, with which to transfer information.
3. The cells and connections that are used to survive
4. During the first five years of human life connections are pruned
5. A second bout of overproduction and connections occurs just before puberty, followed by “use it or lose it” pruning through the teen years as connections are shaped and refined
46
What forces guide the building up or pruning down of the connections?
Genetic and environmental factors
47
What area of the brain is not fully myelinated until well into the third decade of life?
The cabling of the prefrontal cortex and related regions; the myelin is a fatty chemical coat which makes axons more efficient conductors and increases speed
48
what are the behavioural and cognitive functions of the prefrontal cortex?
1. Inhibiting inappropriate behaviour
2. Initiating appropriate behaviour
3. Stopping an activity upon completion
4. shifting/adjusting behaviour when situations change
5. Providing a temporary mental workspace for working memory
6. Organizing things
7. Forming strategies and planning behaviour
8. Making decisions
9. Setting priorities among tasks and feedback
10. Empathy
11. Sensitivity to feedback (rewards and punishments)
12. Insight
49
what is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?
skills such as setting priorties, organizing plans and ideas, forming strategies, controlling impulses, and allocating attention
50
what has dopamine been found to be critical for?
1. focusing attention on environmental stimuli when it is necessary to choose between conflicting options, especially when the goal may not be obvious and choices based are on memory, not impulse, are required
2. increasing capacity for more mature judgment and impulse control
3. increasing the capacity of the brain to learn in response to reward
4. pursuit of a goal rather than to act on instinct
51
During the teen years, what can exposure to drugs and alcohol do to brain development?
Exposure to drugs and alcohol during
the teen years can change or delay development. Damage to these neurons might affect the brain’s ability to
experience reward and learn from it throughout adult life.
52
why do teens identify others' emotions in people's faces from their gut?
Teens use less prefrontal cortex and more amygdala. The amygdala processes emotional info, especially the experience of fear, danger and threat in the environment.
53
what part of the brain do adults use to read emotions?
prefrontal cortex; adults are better able to identify the expressed emotions.
54
Based on the stage of their brain development, how are adolescents most likely to act compared to adults?
- act on impulse
* misread or misinterpret social cues and emotions
* get into accidents of all kinds
* get involved in fights
* engage in dangerous or risky behavior
55
How are teens less likely to act compared to
adults?
- think before they act
* pause to consider the consequences of their actions
* change their dangerous or inappropriate behaviours
56
How do the logical-reasoning abilities of 15-year-olds compare
to those of adults?
They are comparable; under certain conditions, adolescents are no worse than adults at perceiving risk or estimating their vulnerability
57
What is the effect of providing adolescents with information
about the risks of substance use, reckless driving, and
unprotected sex?
Efforts typically result in improvement in
young people’s thinking about these
phenomena, but seldom change their
actual behaviour.
58
what is the new view of adolescent risk taking?
risk taking is the product of both logical reasoning and psychosocial factors. Psychosocial immaturity during
adolescence may undermine competent decision
making.
59
true or false: in adolescence, the socioemotional network becomes less assertive.
false
60
Risk is the product of a competition between which systems?
limbic/socioemotional system and the prefrontal cortex/rational cognitive control networks
61
true or false: In presence of peers or under conditions of
emotional arousal, the socioemotional network
becomes sufficiently activated to diminish the regulatory effectiveness of the cognitive-control network.
true
62
What effects do the hormonal changes of puberty have on the
socioemotional network?
- especially sensitive to social and emotional stimuli that is particularly important for reward processing
- remodelled in early adolescence by the hormonal changes of puberty. (Localized in the
limbic and paralimbic areas of the brain).
63
What type of behaviour is the cognitive-control network
responsible for?
responsible for
executive functions.
64
When and how does the cognitive-control network mature? Are these changes dependent upon puberty?
- The cognitive-control network matures gradually over the course of adolescence and young adulthood.
- Maturation is largely independent of puberty
65
How does the presence of peers influence adolescent risk-taking?
In presence of peers or under
conditions of emotional arousal, the socioemotional network becomes sufficiently activated to diminish the regulatory effectiveness of the cognitive-control network.
66
when does vulnerability to peer pressure peak?
mid-adolescence; supposedly this is when the imbalance between sensitivity to socioemotional arousal and capacity for cognitive control is greatest.
67
Is there a difference in risk processing between older teens and adults?
No, as long as the decision making is assessed with less emotion, reward and social processing.
68
What advice does Steinberg provide to prevent unhealthy risk taking is adolescence?
1. limit opportunities for immature judgement that can have consequences
2. reductions in teens health compromising behaviour are more strongly linked to changes in the contexts in which these risks are taken (ex: graduated licensing, increase cost of cigs, etc)
69
What are the two types of adolescent egocentrism?
1. imaginary audience
2. personal fable
70
What is the imaginary audience?
High self consciousness from teens believing that others are as interested in them as they are in themselves; involves attention seeking behaviour and the desire to be noticed.
71
What is the personal fable?
- involves teens' sense of uniqueness
- teens personal uniqueness makes them feel that no one can understand how they really feel
72
What is the optimistic bias?
An idea related to the personal fable; the tendency to assume that accidents, diseases and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to others than to oneself.
73
True or false: adults have more optimistic bias than teens.
false: teens have more than adults
74
What is self-concept?
domain specific aspects of the self (academic, athletics, appearance, etc)
75
What are the 3 aspects of teens' self- understanding?
1. abstract idealistic (distinguishing between the real self and ideal self)
2. complex and differentiated (describe themselves with contextual and situational variations)
3. discrepancies within the self (multiple roles may lead to contradiction between the selves)
76
What is the looking glass self?
Teens are more likely than children to use social comparison to evaluate themselves, but they're less likely to admit it because they view social comparison as socially undesirable.
77
What are 2 aspects of self-esteem?
1. baseline (fairly stable over time)
2. Barometric (incidental positive & negative changes)
78
When are swings in barometric SE widest and most frequent?
early adolescence
79
what is the most influential factor in baseline self-esteem?
physical appearance
80
Which kind of peer support contributes more strongly to teens self esteem?
classmate support (perhaps adolescents turn to a more objective source of support
to validate self-esteem)
81
What is high self esteem correlated with?
greater happiness
82
Which of Erickson's stage of psychosocial development involves teens?
stage 5 (12-18 y/o); major focus on identity vs identity confusion
83
Identity crisis
the tension between the need to explore what is unique about oneself with the desire to receive respect and validation from others
84
Why does teen identity crisis happen?
children identify with parental personalities beliefs and values, which they gradually question (triggered by cognitive and social factors)
85
psychosocial moratorium
freedom to explore unconventional impulses, roles, interests and beliefs without severe consequences
86
What 2 stages is James Marcia interested in within identity and identity confusion?
1. crisis (exploration): a period of identity development during which the teen examines and chooses among meaningful alternatives
2. commitment: choosing a belief or course of action and making a personal investment in doing it
87
what 3 factors support the progressive development of teen identity formation?
1. confident that they have adult support
2. able to adopt self reflective stance towards future
3. be involved in meaningful pursuits
88
What is ethnocultural identity?
self understanding in terms of culture and ethnicity; an internalization of the meaning and implications of one's group membership
89
What are the 3 domains of moral development?
1. thoughts
2. feelings
3. behaviours
90
What are Piaget's 3 stages of moral development?
1. heteronomous morality (4-7 y/o)
2. transition (7-10 y/o)
3. autonomous morality (10+)
91
heteronomous morality
justice and rules are believed to be unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people (immanent justice)
92
autonomous morality
Rules and laws are created by people. In judging action, one should consider the actor's intentions as well as the consequences.
93
Kohlberg's Internalization
developmental change from behaviour that is externally controlled to behaviour that is controlled by internal standards and principles
94
Movement through stages of internalization are influenced by
1. modeling
2. cognitive conflict
3. peer relations
4. role taking opportunities
95
preconventional reasoning
Ages 4-9. No internalization, the emphasis is on external control. Standards are of others and are observed to avoid punishment (stage 1: punishment orientation) or reap rewards (stage 2: naive hedonism).
96
conventional reasoning
Ages 9+. Intermediate internalization; individuals want to please others (stage 3: good person; most teens are here) and be considered good by people whose opinions are important to them (stage 4: social order orientation).
97
postconventional reasoning
Full internalization; Person acknowledges the possibility of conflict between 2 socially accepted standards (stage 5: social contract orientation). The control of conduct is now internal for standards observed and reasoning about right and wrong (stage 6: universal ethical principles).
98
true or false: stage 6 is the most common level of moral reasoning
false; stage 6 was recently removed from the scoring manual because it was so out of reach
99
true or false: moral behaviour is situationally dependent
true; teens were more likely to cheat when their friends pressured them and the chances of getting caught were slim
100
what are the 3 ethical orientations Shweder sugests?
1. Ethic of autonomy (dominant in Western cultures)
2. Ethic of community (prominent in cultures that emphasize the communitarian values and tradition)
3. Ethic of divinity (characteristic of cultures in which morality is mainly derived from religion)
101
What are Gilligan's criticisms of Kohlberg?
1. he doesn't adequately reflect relationships/concern for others
2. Kohlberg's justice perspective; moral perspective that focuses on rights of the individual VS Giligan's care perspective; views people in terms of their connectedness with others
102
What is a criticism of Gilligan?
Most research using Kohlberg stories and scoring system do not find gender differences. Females care perspective vs males justice perspective are not mutually exclusive.
103
What is a parents' role in moral development?
1. They are a source of models and judgment (praise/criticism)
2. Internalizing parental values is correlated with social competence and higher levels of moral development
3. Approaches to discipline
104
What are Hoffman's 3 child rearing techniques for moral development?
1. Love withdrawal ("I'm going to leave you if you keep doing that")
2. Power assertion (spanking, threatening, removing privileges)
3. Induction (reason and explanation of consequences)
105
True or false: Hoffman believes parents should use power assertion
false: he believes they should induction
106
moral identity
the extent to which someone believes that being moral and acting morally is a central characteristic of their sense of self
107
Moral exemplars
Individuals who are outstanding in their moral strength, commitment and character. Peer exemplars more effectively promoted students' service engagement.
108
Bandura's social cognitive theory of moral development
Emphasizes a distinction between adolescents moral competence and moral performance. Self regulation rather than abstract reasoning as key to positive moral development.
109
How can teacher help students increase their moral development?
Service learning (helping at food bank, senior's centre, soup kitchen, etc). It promotes social responsibility and service to the community.
110
When is service learning most effective?
1. when students have a choice in service activity
2. when students have opportunities to reflect on their participation
110
What are the benefits to service learning
1. grades, motivation and goal setting improves
2. improved sense that they can make a difference for others
3. increased likelihood of volunteering in future
111
age stratification
ranking people into age groups
112
Erikson's stage 4 of psychosocial development
6-12 y/o; Latency.
- task: can I master the skills necessary to survive and adapt?
- industry vs inferiority
113
Erikson's stage 6 of psychosocial development
young adulthood; can I give fully of myself to another?
- intimacy vs isolation
114
4 stages of identity status (James Marcia)
1. diffusion
2. foreclosure
3. moratorium
4. identity achieved
115
diffusion
Not exploring, not committed. Apathetic and uninterested towards self and others
116
foreclosure
Not exploring, yes committed. Close minded and rigid towards self and others
117
moratorium
In the midst of exploring and active commitment. Open minded, thoughtful but anxious
118
identity achieved
Exploring and committed. Behavioured thinking, effective decision making skills, etc
