Exam 1 Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
Study of human body movement
A
Kinesiology
2
Q
The application of mechanical principles to the study of living organisms
A
Biomechanics
3
Q
Biomechanics focuses on ____ muscle forces and ____ forces affecting movement
A
internal ; external
4
Q
The study of systems in a constant state of motion (including no motion)
A
Statics
5
Q
The study of systems subject to acceleration (changing motion)
A
Dynamics
6
Q
Would an object at rest fall under statics or dynamics?
A
statics; it is not accelerating
7
Q
Study of forces involved in movement (internal and external forces)
A
kinetics
8
Q
Study of the size, sequencing, and timing go movement, without considering forces. Also known as form or technique
A
Kinematics
9
Q
Non-numeric description of movement (ex. “good form” in a squat)
A
Qualitative
10
Q
Numeric-based analysis (ex. measuring joint angles, force output)
A
Quantitative
11
Q
motion along a line, either straight or curved
A
Linear motion / translation
12
Q
motion along a straight line
A
rectilinear motion
13
Q
motion along a curved line
A
curvilinear motion
14
Q
A long jumper in mid-air follows a ______ path
A
curvilinear
15
Q
rotation around a central imaginary line called the axis of rotation
A
angular motion
16
Q
Combination of linear and angular motion
A
general motion
17
Q
A body or portion of a body that is deliberately chosen for analysis
A
Mechanical system
18
Q
What is the mechanical system for cycling
A
legs (powering) , trunk (air resistance), or the entire cycle and cyclist
19
Q
Erect standing position with all body parts facing forward
A
Anatomical Reference position
20
Q
Closer to the head
A
Superior
21
Q
Farther from the head
A
inferior
22
Q
Toward the front
A
Anterior
23
Q
Toward the back
A
Posterior
24
Q
Toward the midline
A
Medial
25
Away from the midline
Lateral
26
Closer to the trunk
Proximal
27
Further from the trunk
Distal
28
Toward the surface
Superficial
29
Away from the surface
Deep
30
Divides the body into left and right halves
Sagittal plane
31
movements in sagittal plane (FEDP)
Flexion
Extension
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
32
Divides the body into front and back halves
Frontal
33
Divides the body into top and bottom halves
Transverse
34
Perpendicular to the sagittal plane; allows flexion/extension
Frontal Axis
35
Perpendicular to the frontal plane ; allows abduction/adduction
Anteroposterior Axis
36
A system used to standardize quantitative descriptions of human motion
Spatial Reference Systems
37
Which spatial reference system is most commonly used?
Cartesian Coordinate System (2D and 3D measurements)
38
Used for linear movements (ex. running, cycling, jumping)
2D Analysis
39
Uses cameras to track joint markers for a more detailed assessment
3D analysis
40
Identify movement directions
Positive and Negative Coordinates
41
- Visual representation of an individuals motion using dots of light at major joints
Point Light Display
42
Visual observation method used to analyze human motion
Qualitative Analysis
43
What professions use qualitative analysis?
Physical therapy, athletic training, coaching, biomechanics, etc.
44
The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion; proportional to mass
Inertia
45
The quantity of matter composing a body measured in kilograms
mass
46
A push or pull acting on a object
Force
47
The overall force acting on a system after all forces are accounted for
Net force
48
The force of gravity acting on an object
Weight (wt
49
The point where weight is equally distributed in all directions
Center of Gravity
50
Force per unit of area
Pressure
51
The amount of three dimensional space occupied by a body
Volume
52
Mass per unit volume
The rotational effect of a force
53
A change of momentum over time
Impulse
54
Visual representation of all forces acting on an object
Free Body Diagrams
55
If net force ≠ 0, motion occurs in the direction of the net
force
Net force and motion
56
Greater torque = more _______ motion
rotational
57
Applying ______ over time changes an object's ________
force ; momentum
58
The effect of a force depends on its: (DDDM)
- Distribution
- Direction
- Duration
- Magnitude
59
Pulling or stretching force directed axially
Tension
60
Pressing or squeezing force directed axially
Compression
61
Force directed parallel to a surface
Shear
62
Asymmetric loading creating tension on one side and compression on the other
Bending
63
Load producing twisting around the longitudinal axis
Torsion
64
The simultaneous action of more than one type of loading (most common in the human body)
Combined loading
65
Force per unit area over which force acts
Stress
66
Change in shape due to applied force
Deformation
67
Temporary deformation; returns to original shape
Elastic Region
68
Permanent deformation
Plastic Region
69
Structural integrity is lost
Failure point
70
Low-magnitude, repeated applications
Repetitive loading (micro trauma)
71
Single high-magnitude application causing injury
Acute loading (macro trauma)
72
Quantities with only magnitude
Scalars
73
Examples of Scalars
mass, volume, length, speed
74
Quantities with magnitude and direction
Vectors
75
Examples of vectors
force, velocity, acceleration, and displacement
76
Determining a single vector from two or more vectors by vector addition
Vector composition
77
Graphical method where the tip of one vector connects to the tail of the next
Tip-to-Tail Method
78
Breaking down a single vector into two perpendicular components
Vector Resolution
79
The extent to which an object resists deformation in response to an applied force
Stiffness
80
The amount of loading an object can withstand before failure
Strength
81
Ability to resist compression OR the maximum load that a material can withstand before permanently deforming or breaking
Compressive Strength
82
Ability to resist tension
Tensile strength
83
Pressing or squeezing force directed axially through a body
Compressive Stress
84
Force directed parallel to a sufrace
Shear Stress
85
Characteristic of exhibiting different strength and stiffness depending on the direction of the incoming load
Anisotropic
86
Bone is the strongest in resisting _____ stress, but weakest in resisting ___ stress.
compressive ; shear
87
The density of bones area a function of the magnitude and direction of the mechanical stresses that are acting on the bone
Wolff's Law
88
2 Mechanical functions of bones
provides rigid skeletal framework
provides protection to other body tissues
89
bones have characteristics of ____ and ____
stiffness ; strength
90
T/F: bone porosity also affects bone strength
True
91
Compact mineralized bone with higher mineral content (located in shafts of long bones)
Cortical bone
92
Less compact mineralized connective tissue (located in ends of long bones and vertebrae)
Trabecular bone
93
______ and _____ contribute to stiffness and compressive strength in bone
calcium carbonate ; calcium phosphate
94
a protein that provides flexibility and tensile strength to the bone
collagen
95
T/F: collagen is lost progressively with aging
True
96
Which is stiffer, cortical or trabecular bone?
cortical
97
Which bone is spongier, cortical or trabecular?
Trabecular
98
Which bone can undergo more strain/deformation before fracturing
Trabecular
99
means that the object (bone in this case) exhibits different strength and stiffness depending on the direction of the load
Anisotropic Characteristic
100
bone is strongest in resisting _______ stress but is weakest in resisting _____ stress.
compressive ; shear
101
The ______ of bones are a function of the _______ and _______ of the mechanical stresses that are acting on the bone
density ; magnitude; direction
102
Lack of mechanical stress on bone
Diminishing bone density
103
What is the ONLY tissue capable of developing tension?
Muscle
104
Ability to be stretched or to increase in length
Extensibility
105
property of muscle that allows progressive increases in length over time when stretched
Viscoelasticity
106
T/F: Muscle will immediately recoil to resting length
False ; but will over time
107
Ability to return to normal resting length, following a stretch
Elasticity
108
Passive elastic property of muscle provided by the muscle membranes
Parallel Elastic Component
109
Passive elastic property of muscle residing in the tendons.
Series Elastic Component
110
_____ acts like a Spring to store elastic energy when a tensed muscle is stretched
SEC
111
_____ is believed to be the primary component of the elasticity of the human skeletal muscle
SEC
112
Ability to respond to a stimulus
Irritability
113
The contractile component provides (___________) the ability to develop tension in the muscle
Ability to develop tension
- myosin and actin cross bridge
114
The _____ is a singular muscle that is specialized to contract and generate tension (force)
muscle fiber
115
muscle fibers specialized cytoplasm
sarcoplasm
116
The _______ is a single motor neuron and all the muscle fiber it innervates
motor unit
117
Most motor units are composed of ________ cells whose response is developing tension in a twitch like fashion to a single stimulus
twitch-type
118
If an impulse is strong enough to release a sufficient amount of neurotransmitters, all the fibers innervated by that motor neuron will contract
All or none principle
119
If another action potential reaches the muscle fibers before relaxation, the muscle fibers will contract harder
All or none principle
120
Slow twitch (Type I) are recruited ____ and as more force is needed, fast twitch will be recruited next
first
121
Force modulation is governed by the former _____ principles
two
122
T/F: A higher proportion of fast twitch fibers is preferable to generate fast movements (tend to reach higher peak tensions / tend to fatigue faster than slow fibers)
True
123
Fibers are roughly parallel to the longitudinal axis of the muscle
Parallel Fiber Arrangement
124
Fibers lie at an angle to the muscles longitudinal axis
Pennate Fiber Arrangment
125
T/F: Pennate fibers attach to one or more tendons
True
126
Angle of pinnation ____ as tension _____ in the muscle fibers
increases ; increases
127
Tension is ______ throughout the length of the muscle and attachments to the bone when the muscle develops tension
constant
128
Shortening of a muscle
Concentric
129
Lengthening of a muscle
Eccentric
130
No change in muscle length
Isometric
131
Acts to cause a movement
Agonist
132
Acts to slow or stop a movement
Antagonist
133
Acts to stabilize a body part against some other force
Stabilizer
134
Acts to eliminate an unwanted action produced by action produced by an agonist
Neutralizer
135
T/F: Many muscles cross over two or more joints
True
136
Two joint muscle can't shorten enough to cause full range of motion at both crossed joints
Active Insufficiency
137
When you can't make as tight a fist with wrist flexion you are experiencing which insufficiency?
Active Insufficiency
138
Two joint muscles can't stretch enough to allow full range of motion at both joints simultaneously
Passive insufficiency
139
When you can't extend the fingers as much with wrist extended you are experiencing which insufficiency?
Passive insufficiency
140
Magnitude of the force generated by muscles is related to what?
- Velocity of muscle shortening
- Length of muscle when it is stimulated
141
As the load progressively ______:
i. concentric contraction velocity slows to zero at isometric maximum
ii. imagine the resistance increasing throughout a bicep curl until you are no longer able to contract the muscle further due to a lack of force (on your part). You are still contracting, but the muscle length does not change making it an isometric contraction at the point of no
movement.
increases
142
Force and velocity have an inverse relationship
Concentric
143
Velocity is 0, Force and velocity have no relationship
Isometric
144
Force and velocity have a proportional relationship
Eccentric
145
Which contractions can produce the greatest force?
Eccentric
146
Net tension present in a stretched muscle is the sum of:
i.
ii.
Active tensions (muscle fibers)
Passive tension (tendons and the muscle membranes)
147
Eccentric contraction followed IMMEDIATELY by the concentric contraction
Stretch-shortening cycle
148
T/F: The Stretch Shortening Cycle promotes storage of elastic energy
True
149
Applied at the surface of the skin to record myoelectric activity of muscle closer to the surface
Surface electrode
150
Inserted into muscular tissue to record myoelectric activity of deep muscle fibers
Indwelling electrodes
151
Time between the arrival of neural stimulus and tension development by the muscle
Electromechanical Delay
152
measured as the amount of maximum torque an entire muscle group can generate at a joint
muscular strength
153
If the muscle is ______ to the attached bone, NO torque will be produced
parallel
154
the ability of a muscle to exert tension over time or repeatedly
Muscular Endurance
155
reduced capacity of muscle fibers to produce force
Muscle fatigue
