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312: Speech Science > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Describe air pressure equalization

A

-Air molecules have a natural tendency to equalize pressure
-Air particples move from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure
-This difference is known as the driving pressure (crucial in generating speech)

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2
Q

Describe LAMINAR vs turbulent airflow

A

-Airflow is smooth, w molecules moving in a parallel manner & at the same speed
-Open vocal tract = vowel sounds

Ex. /a/
-More distinct frequency

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3
Q

Describe laminar vs TURBULENT airflow

A

-When an obstacle in its way disturbs the flow, resulting in little swirls/currents
-Flow becomes less regular in its movement (non-parallel) as it flows around objects
-Results in random variations in air pressure
-Narrow space in vocal tract = fricative sounds

Ex. /s/
-Noisy/broad spectrum
-Goes into high frequency
-Vocal tract is more closed

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4
Q

Describe the properties of elasticity

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A

Restoring force – object will return to its original size, shape, location

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5
Q

Describe the properties of inertia

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A

Matter will remain at rest or continue in a fixed direction unless affected by an outside force

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6
Q

Describe the properties of damping

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A

Decrease in amplitude, decrease in the energy of the sound

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7
Q

Describe the properties of amplitude

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A

Maximum distance away from rest position that the molecule is displaced

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8
Q

What do cycles of compression reflect

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A

-Wave occurs from a compression of medium
-Increased pressure
-Maximum displacement in the positive direction (ex. pendulum)
-During sound wave propogation, areas of high pressure are called compression

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9
Q

What do cycles of rarefaction reflect

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A

-Followed by an expansion of the medium
-Decreased pressure
-Maximum displacement in the negative direction (ex. pendulum)

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10
Q

What’s the relationship btwn incident & reflective waves

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A

Incident Waves
-May be transmitted, absorbed, or reflected
-A sound wave that’s generated, travels a certain distance, & hits an object/boundary

Reflective Waves
-Reflected waves can cause interference

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11
Q

What’s the relationship btwn constructive & destructive waves

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A

-Incident & reflected waves combine tog & cause constructive or destructive interference
-When an incident wave & a reflected wave are IN-phase, there’s constructive interference
-Noise-cancelling headphones work through destructive interference

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12
Q

Understand the properties of sound reflection, sound absorption, and sound transmission

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A

-Incident waves can be transmitted, absorbed, or reflected
-Reflection: the initial sound can interact w the reflected sound & produce interference between the sound waves – results in a distortion of the primary sound
Transmission: sound being transmitted through the air w/out taking into account any objects that the sound waves might encounter

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13
Q

Convert btwn seconds & milliseconds

A

1 msec = .001 sec

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14
Q

Convert btwn milliliters & liters

A

1 mL = .001 L

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15
Q

What are the 4 attributes of sound?

A
  1. Frequency
  2. Amplitude
  3. Period
  4. Phase
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16
Q

Peak amplitude

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A

Maximum displacement in 1 direction

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17
Q

Peak-to-peak amplitude

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A

Displacement from positive max displacement to negative min displacement

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18
Q

What’s the relationship btwn wavelength & frequency?

A

-Wavelength depends on frequency
-Wavelength becomes shorter at higher frequencies

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19
Q

What’s a waveform? What fundamental units are on the x-axis & y-axis?

A

-Represents the characteristics of sound waves (frequency, amplitude, time)
-Amplitude: y-axis
-Time: x-axis

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20
Q

What’s a spectrum? What fundamental units are on the x-axis & y-axis?

A

-Represents the harmonics that make up a complex periodic waveform
-Displays frequencies of a sound at a snapshot in time
-Amplitude: y-axis
-Frequency: x-axis

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21
Q

What’s a spectrogram? What fundamental units are on the x-axis and y-axis?

A

-Represents time, frequency, & amplitude on one display
-Frequency x time x amplitude

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22
Q

What happens to fundamental frequency if we inc/dec the length of the VFs?

A

-Longer length = slower vibration

-Inc the length of the VFs inc the fundamental frequency = higher pitch
-Dec the length of the VFs lowers the fundamental frequency = lower pitch
-Relaxed state: the longer the VFs

-Men have a lower fundamental frequency bc they a bigger larynx & longer VFs
-Dec in thickness
-Inc in internal stiffness
-Inc in tension of the VFs

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23
Q

Inc/dec tension of the VFs? Inc/dec the mass of the VFs?

A

-Dec tension = slower vibration
-Inc mass = slower vibration

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24
Q

What are the avg fundamental frequencies for men & women?

A

-Men: 125 Hz
-Women: 220 Hz

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25
What happens to the dB level when you double or halve the sound pressure level?
-Double pressure: add 6 dB -Halve pressure: subtract 6 dB
26
What happens to the dB level when you double or halve the sound intensity level?
-Double intensity: add 3 dB -Halve intensity: subtract 3 dB
27
SIMPLE vs complex waves
-Represents a single frequency -Sine wave
28
Simple vs COMPLEX waves
-Contains more than 1 frequency (that are systematically related) -The sum of simple waves -They repeat themselves exactly in equal intervals of time -Either periodic or aperiodic
29
What are harmonics?
Whole # multiples of the F0
30
How are intensity & the Inverse Square Law related? How much intensity do you lose each time you double the distance from the sound source?
Inverse Square Law: -Sound spreads out spherically -Intensity will dec at a 4-fold rate every time the distance from the source is doubled -The area that the sound wave has to cover gets squared due to the formula for surface area of a sphere: 4π2 *As distance doubles, intensity reduces by 4
31
What's resonant/natural frequency?
-Objects vibrate more intensely at a particular frequency -It’s determined by the characteristics of the object -Ex. Larger tubes vibrate most efficiently at a lower frequency -Ex. Smaller tubes vibrate most efficiently at a higher frequency
32
What does the bandwidth on a resonance curve tell us about the frequency response of a resonator?
-Shows us the frequency response of a resonator & represents its output -Frequencies closest to the RF (peak of function) produce the greatest vibration -Band pass filter passes a band in the middle & reduces the sounds at lower & higher frequencies
33
We know that resonators act as frequency filters, discuss how different frequencies get filtered.
Resonators act as filters that allow some frequencies through & attenuate the amplitude (dampen) of frequencies that are farther away from the object’s RF
34
Describe broadly tuned vs narrowly tuned transfer functions
-Broadly: passes a broader range of frequencies -Narrowly: selective, narrow bandwidth
35
Identify the 3 types of frequency filters when presented w a diagram (high pass, low pass, band-pass)
-Low-pass: let low frequencies “pass through” & attenuate high frequencies -High-pass: let high frequencies “pass through” & attenuate low frequencies -Band-pass: let a particular frequency range or band “pass through” & attenuate other frequencies
36
What are octave frequencies?
-Octave change in frequency represents a factor of 2 -Octave inc is a doubling of frequency: 500 Hz to 1000 Hz -Octave dec is ½ of the frequency: 1000 Hz to 500 Hz
37
What is a standing wave?
-The incident wave & reflected wave interact to produce standing waves -For a tube of a fixed length diff standing wave patterns produced depending on the frequencies being transmitted bc wavelength depends on frequency
38
Understand antinodes & nodes
Antinode -Constructive interference: at times, the reflected wave will be perfectly in phase w the incident wave, leading to reinforcement or addition of amplitudes Node -Destructive interference: at times, the reflected wave will be 180° or completely out of phase w the incident wave leading to an absence of sound -Point of sound cancellation
39
Understand the differences between the vocal tracts of men and women related to the tube resonances
Males: avg vocal tract length is 17 cm Females: avg vocal tract length is 14 cm
40
Rest breathing vs SPEECH breathing
-More complicated -Need to take breaths at linguistically-appropriate places (forward flow of speech) -Need an appropriate amount of air to produce utterances (short/long) & support appropriate speech volume (conversational/loud volume) -Speakers contract their abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles to go below EEL.
41
Major changes that occur when switching from rest to speech breathing
1. Location of air intake 2. Inhale/exhale ratio time 3. Volume of air inhaled per cycle (10%/90%) 4. Muscle activity for exhalation
42
Muscle activity for respiration
-For rest & speech breathing, inspiration is an active muscular process -Involves contraction of the diaphragm & external intercostal muscles to inc thoracic & lung volume
43
Rest & speech breathing differences
Rest -Exhalation is passive, relying solely on elastic recoil forces Speech -Rate of recoil must be controlled in order to prolong the expiration -Muscles of inspiration cont to contract preventing the ribs from descending too quickly -To go below EEL & access the ERV requires active contraction of the abdominal musculature & the internal intercostal muscles
44
Describe the physiologic events that support the opening phase of VF vibration
Vertical phase difference -They open from bottom to top & close from bottom to top
45
Describe the physiologic events that support the closing phase of VF vibration
Longitudinal phase difference -There's a similar time lag btwn the opening & closing of the VFs in the anterior-posterior dimension -VFs open: back to front -VFs close: front to back
46
Describe the Bernoulli Effect, medial compression, transglottal pressure, phonation threshold pressure, vertical phase, & longitudinal phase
Vertical phase difference -Refers to the pressure difference below to above the VFs -It allows the VFs to continue vibrating even thought the vibration lets puffs of air through – there’s still enough pressure difference that they continue to vibrate -The space below the VFs concentrates the air – pressure is high -The space above the VFs diverges – pressure is lower -VFs open from the bottom up & close from the bottom up – related to Bernoulli principle -Bernoulli: as the air flows through rapidly, the first place it’s flowing through is here so that’s where the pressure between the sides begins to decrease first so it sucks the VFs together at that point
47
What muscles are responsible for bringing the VFs to the midline at the onset of VF vibration?
48
Describe Boyle’s law. How is it related to the process of inspiration?
When the volume of a gas inc, its pressure than becomes lower
49
Know the norms for jitter & shimmer. Interpret values
-VFs don’t vibrate in an even or periodic manner -There are always small fluctuations in frequency & amplitude -Frequency perturbation or jitter (1.04%) -Amplitude perturbation or shimmer (3.81%)
50
Know the description of vital cavity & percentage inhaled for quiet breathing, conversational speech, loud speech
- Largest amount of air you can fully inhale & exhale - Quiet breathing: up to 55% - Conversational speech: 60% - Loud speech: 80%
51
Frequency & amplitude of voice
-Frequency: related to VF vibration & acoustic characteristics of larynx -Amplitude: related to pressure changes below & above VFs -Consider variations in actual production for both frequency & amplitude
52
Brownian motion
Air particles move in a random pattern at a high speed
53
Vocal folds that are, _, with _ vibrate at a slower rate
Longer, heavier, less tension
54
If the amplitude perturbation (shimmer) of a patient is reported as 3.78%, is this considered problematic?
No
55
If the length of the female's vocal track decreased from 15 cm to 13 cm, the formant frequencies would:
Increase
56
The F1, F2, and F3 values for an adult male with a vocal tract with a length of 18 cm are:
476, 1429, 2382
57
The F1, F2, and F3 values for an adult female vocal tract with a length of 15 cm?
572, 1715, 2858
58
If the frequency perturbation (jitter) of a patient is reported at 1.15%, is this a sign of phonatory instability?
Yes
59
During rest breathing, speakers spend what % of time on the phase of inhalation and exhalation?
40% inhalation, 60% exhalation
60
During speech breathing, speakers use _% of their vital capacity?
60%
61
Inhale/exhale ratio for tidal breathing, sustained tone, speech
-Tidal breathing: 40%/60% -Sustained tone: rapid inhale + controlled exhale -Speech: 10%/90%
62
What is Brownian motion?
Air molecules that move around in random patterns at high speeds
63
What three gases make up the air that we breathe?
Nitrogen Oxygen Argon
64
Describe how sound waves travel
From one location to another through particle-to-particle interaction
65
Longitudinal propagation
-Sound waves are longitudinal pressure waves -Wave occurs from a compression of medium = condensation -Followed by an expansion of the medium = rarefaction -Particle displacement is parallel to wave propagation -Particles oscillate back & forth around a set equilibrium point
66
Transverse propagation
-Particles in a medium or stretched rope/string -Displacement of the medium is 90° or perpendicular to direction of wave propagation -Displacement is up & down (vibration) -Propagation is left to right (travel)
67
What subglottal pressure is required for speech production?
-600-800 Pascals -Can convert to cm H20 (100 Pa = 1 cm H20) -6-8 cm H20

312: Speech Science (1 decks)

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