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Biological anthropology > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

exam prep (79 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 4 fields of anthropology

A

cultural, linguistics, archaeology, biological

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2
Q

Science

A

A body of knowledge accumulated through discoveries of the natural world; a systemic and logical approach to how knowledge is discovered

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3
Q

Empirical evidence

A

information acquired by observation or experimentation

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4
Q

scientific method

A

common process of obtaining empirical evidence without bias

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5
Q

scientific method steps

A
  1. make an observation
  2. form a testable hypothesis
  3. test hypothesis
  4. collect and analyze data
  5. form conclusions, report results
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6
Q

variables in a scientific test

A

independent variable, dependent variable

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7
Q

independent variable

A

factor within the experiment that is changed as part of the initial design of the test

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8
Q

dependent variable

A

may change as a result of the effects of the independent variable

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9
Q

Hypothesis

A

Prediction regarding cause-and-effect relationship.

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10
Q

Theory

A

Understandings that develop from extensive observation, experimentation, and creative
reflection. They incorporate a large body of scientific facts, laws, tested hypotheses, and logical
inferences. They are rarely overturned by the discovery of new evidence.

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11
Q

fixity of species

A

species never changed

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12
Q

great chain of being

A

animals in a hieracrchy with humans on top

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13
Q

young earth

A

earth only a few thousand years old (Bishop James Usher)

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14
Q

Aristotle

A

The Great Chain of Being

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15
Q

Ibn Khaldun

A

Life transformed in stages from simpler to more complex forms

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16
Q

Bishop James Usher

A

The creation of earth on October 23, 4004 BC

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17
Q

Carl Linnaeus and Taxonomy

A

the science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms

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18
Q

Comte de Buffon

A

environment as an agent of change

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19
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

A

acquired characteristics and transmutation- Jean-Baptist Lamarck was one of the first to posit that
life changed – evolved. He proposed the characteristics acquired through life
could be passed onto one’s offspring (inheritance of acquired characteristics).
Now discredited given our knowledge of inheritance

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20
Q

George Cuvier

A

Catastrophism

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21
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Uniformitarianism

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22
Q

Evolution

A

A change in the genetic structure of a population; appearance of a new species

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23
Q

natural selection

A

individuals with phenotypic traits that are helpful in a certain environment will survive and reproduce more than other members of the population, thus contributing more to the next generation

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24
Q

Descent with modification

A

Observation of Galapagos finches Darwin found that they descended from a common mainland ancestor, but had modified over time in response to island habitats and diets

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25
Tendency for best "fit" variants leave
more offspring
26
Tendency to overpopulate leads to
competition and mortality
27
fitness
reproductive success
28
sexual selection
type of natural selection that usually operates on only one sex within a species
29
adaptation
trait shaped by natural selection and well suited for the environment an animal lives in
30
Darwin couldn't explain
1. Mechanisms of inheritance 2. Source of variation 3. Mechanism of speciation
31
forces of evolution
natural selection, mutations, gene flow, genetic drift
32
Gregor Mendel
Austrian monk from the 1800's who is credited with the discovery of the principles of genetics
33
Blending Inheritance
18th century belief that children were the blend of spiritual essences of each parent. Discredited by Mendel’s pea experiments.
34
Law of Independent Segregation
Characteristics of organisms are determined jointly by two "particles", one inherited from each parent
35
Law of Independent Assortment
“Particles” for different traits are independently inherited
36
Cell theory and basic cell structure
Somatic cells- regular cells; gametes- sex cells
37
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid: long strings of nitrogen bases that direct the synthesis of proteins
38
DNA bases
adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
39
chromosomes
condensed DNA; arranged into 23 pairs (46 total) in the nucleus of the cell
40
Autosomes
All chromosomes except sex chromosomes
41
Sex chromosomes
the 23 pair (X and Y)
42
Gene
a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein. Often separated by long strands of DNA that are not used (introns)
43
Nitrogen bases
The four nitrogen bases that make up DNA, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine. They have specific pairing in the complimentary DNA strand
44
Exon
formed by 3 bases-codes for amino acids
45
Allele
variant of a gene. ex) the gene for pea color has two variants, green and yellow
46
Intron
non coding section of DNA
47
Genotype
the genetic makeup of an individual. often used to refer to the combination of alleles an individual has
48
Phenotype
The observable (physical) characteristics an individual has
49
Homozygous
having two of the same type of alleles in a genotype
50
Heterozygous
having two alleles in a genotype that are different
51
dominant
Stronger gene always wins if it is there at all
52
recessive
the "shy" gene, only shows up when no dominant gene present
53
co-dominant alleles
ABO blood group: A and B are co-dominant, O is recessive
54
monogenic traits
traits controlled by one gene
55
polygenic/continuous traits
variation is continuous over a range (there are no natural categories). E.g. height, weight, foot size, eye color, skin color, hair color
56
polygenic
from many genes throughout the genome
57
epigenetic
gene expression is influenced by environmental factor
58
mitosis
process of cell division used by body's somatic cells in order to replicate. results in daughter cells with the same 46 chromosomes as part cell
59
meiosis
process of cell division to create gametes, each of which has 1/2 the amount of DNA as normal body cell
60
the subdiscipline of anthropology that studies the evolution, anatomy, and behavior of modern humans and our ancestors
biological Anth
61
61
subdiscipline of anth that studies patterns of belief and behavior found in modern and historical cultures
cultural anth
62
the variable that causes change in a hypothesis statement
independent variable
63
in the scientific method, it is the step that follows testing a hypothesis conducting experiments
collect and analyze data
64
idea that geological processes we see today are same as in past
uniformitarianism
65
this philosopher proposed the Great Chain of Being, the idea that life was arranged from simplest to most complex
Aristotle
66
the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change that make them better suited to survive in their environment
natural selection
67
not charles darwin, but he also came up with natural selection at the same time
Alfred Russel Wallace
68
in a DNA double helix, it is the complementary base to adenine
thymine
69
cellular division that results in 4 daughter cells each with half the number of original chromosome
meiosis
70
the enzyme that allows some adults to digest lactose in fresh milk products
lactase
71
the fitness in survival of the fittest refers to this concept
reproductive success
72
type of natural selection that maintains genetic variation by favoring multiple alleles at a locus (polymorphism)
balancing selection
73
type of genetic drift occuring when a population is dramatically reduced in size by a sudden event like a natural disaster or overhunting
population bottleneck
74
all of the alleles in a population
gene pool
75
hardy weinberg equation
p^2+2pq+q^2 =1 p= frequencing of dominant (A) q= frequencing of recessive (a) p^2= frequencing of homozygous dominant (AA) 2pq= frequency of heterozygous (Aa) q^2= frequencing of homozygous recessive (aa)
76
this force of evolution produces within group variation and reduces between group distance
gene flow
77
vitamin plays an essential role in reproductive health and can be destroyed by exposure to high levels of solar radiation
folate/ folic acid
78

Biological anthropology (1 decks)

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