Exam 1

Question 1

What are rocks made of?

Answer 1

Minerals

Question 2

What are minerals made of?

Answer 2

Atoms

Question 3

What are atoms made of?

Answer 3

Protons, electrons, and neutrons

Question 4

What are some minerals formed by Magma (High Temps)?

Answer 4

Quartz and Feldspar

Question 5

What are some minerals formed by Metamorphism (High Temps and Pressure)?

Answer 5

Garnet and Sillimanite

Question 6

What are some minerals formed by Weathering (Low Temps, Water, Wind)?

Answer 6

Kaolinite and Montmorillonite

Question 7

What are some minerals formed by Precipitation (High Concentrations)?

Answer 7

Salt and Gypsum

Question 8

What are some minerals formed by Biological Mediation (High Concentrations)?

Answer 8

Calcite

Question 9

Luster is…

Answer 9

The appearance of the mineral surface reflected in light

Question 10

Metallic luster …

Answer 10

Looks like shiny metal; commonly silver, black, gold

Question 11

Nonmetallic luster…

Answer 11

Does not look like metal; appears glassy, pearly, stainy, etc.

Question 12

(T/F) Minerals are ID’ed based on their physical and chemical properties

Answer 12

True

Question 13

(T/F) Mineral physical properties are NOT related to their chemical composition and atomic structure

Answer 13

False

Question 14

(T/F) Physical properties do not change with the size or shape of the mineral

Answer 14

True

Question 15

(T/F) The same mineral can have different colors

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Streak is…

Answer 16

The color of the mineral’s powder

Question 17

Dark streaks are…

Answer 17

Typically metallic

Question 18

Light streaks are…

Answer 18

Typically non-metallic

Question 19

Hardness is…

Answer 19

The resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching

Question 20

Mohs scale of hardnesss…

Answer 20

1 = Softest
10 = Hardest

Question 21

Cleavage…

Answer 21

Occurs due to the alignment of weaker bonds within the crystal lattice of the mineral. These planes of weakness correspond to planes of atoms that are less tightly bonded to each other compared to the rest of the structure

Question 22

Fracture…

Answer 22

Occurs when a mineral is subjected to stress that exceeds the strength of its bonds, but not along any particular planes of weakness. These atomic structure does not have natural planes of separation, so the break is more random

Question 23

(T/F) Carbonate minerals can be highly reactive with acid

Answer 23

True

Question 24

What are the 3 types of rocks?

Answer 24

1. Igneous
2. Sedimentary
3. Metamorphic

Question 25

Igneous rocks are…

Answer 25

-Formed by solidification of molten material either deep in the earth’s crust or at the earth’s surface -A rock formed from magma -Rock melts deep in the crust or mantle -Less dense material rises towards Earth’s surface -Typically no layering

Question 26

(T/F) Texture is related to the rate of cooling

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Volcanic, “Extrusive”…

Answer 27

-Flow on surface -Cool quickly -Small grain sizes

Question 28

Plutonic, “Intrusive”

Answer 28

-Insulation of overburden -Cool slowly -Larger grain sizes

Question 29

Sedimentary Rocks…

Answer 29

Formed by deposition of products derived by the disaggregation of preexisting rocks. Form cemented layers. Between layered “beds” rocks may be weakest

Question 30

What are some types of sedimentary rocks?

Answer 30

-Evaporate (chemical) -Biological -Biologically-mediated chemical (i.e, limestone) -Clastic/Detrital (based on grain size)

Question 31

Limestone is…

Answer 31

-A sedimentary rock made of calcium carbonate -Precipitated from water supersaturated with calcium carbonate -Dissolves quickly under wet conditions—forms sinkholes, caves

Question 32

What are some characteristics of clastic rocks?

Answer 32

-Deposition -Compaction and burial -Cementing

Question 33

Metamorphic rocks…

Answer 33

Rocks that were formally igneous or sedimentary, that have been altered physically and/or chemically by intense heat and pressure. Of all three rock types, metamorphic rocks tend to be the hardest