Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

empiricism

A

belief that accurate knowledge can be obtained through observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

scientific method

A

set of principles about the appropriate relationship between idea and evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

theory

A

hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

hypothesis

A

falsifiable prediction made by a theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

empirical method

A

set of rules and techniques for observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why are people difficult to study?

A

complexity, variability, reactivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

observe

A

use one’s senses to learn about the properties of an object/event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

operational definition

A

description of a perperty in concrete, measureable terms Ex: seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

measure

A

a device that can detect the condition to which an operational definition refers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

validity

A

relevant: extent to which a measurement and a property are conceptually related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

reliability

A

consistent: tendency for a measure to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

power

A

sensitive: ability of a measure to detect the concrete conditions specified in the operational definition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

demand characteristics

A

aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think they should

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

observer bias

A

expectations can influence observations and influence perceptions of reality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

naturalistic observation

A

technique for gathering info by unobtrusively observing ppl in their natural environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cover stories

A

misleading explanations that are meant to keep ppl from telling the real purpose of the observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

filler items

A

pointless measures to mislead us about the true purpose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

double-blind

A

observation whose true purpose is hidden from both the observer and the observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

frequency distribution

A

graphical representation of measurements arranged by the number of times each measurement was made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

normal distribution

A

most measurements are concentrated around the middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

description of central tendency

A

mean, mode, median: value of measurements that tend to lie near the center or midpoint of frequency distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

description of variability

A

range, standard deviation: extent to which the measurements differ from one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

standard deviation

A

avg diff btw the measurements in a frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

correlation

A

variations in one variable are synched with variations in the value of the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

variable

A

a property whose value can vry acroos individuals or over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

correlation coefficient

A

measure of the direction and strength of a correlation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

natural correlations

A

the correlations that we observe in the world around us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

third variable correlation

A

2 variables are correlated only cuz each is causally related to a 3rd variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

matched samples technique

A

participants in 2 groups are identical in terms of a 3rd variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

matched pairs technique

A

each participant is identical to one other participant in terms of a third variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

third variable problem

A

causal relationship btw 2 variables cant be inferred from the naturally occurring correlation btw them cuz of ever present possibility of 3rd variable correlation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

experiment

A

technique for establishing the causal relationship btw variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

manipulation

A

creation of an artificial pattern of variation in a variable in order to determine its casual powers. 控制小朋友打游戏的时间

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

independent variable

A

variable manipulated 打电动时间

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

experimental group

A

ppl treated 打电动的小朋友

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

control group

A

group not treated 没打电动的小朋友

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

dependent variable

A

variable measured：aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

self-selection

A

problem that occurs when anything about a person determines whether he or she will be included in the experimental/control group 让小朋友选择要不要打电动

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

random assignment

A

uses random event to assign ppl to the experimental or control group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

internal validity

A

characteristics of an exp that establishes the causal relationship btw variables: everything inside the experiment is working to determine causal relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

external validity

A

variables have been operationally defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way: 这个实验有办法generalize这个世界吗？

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

case method

A

gathering scientific knowledge by studying one person 用来学习新的，稀少的，或特别案例

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

random sampling

A

choosing ppl tt ensures tt every person in population has equal chance of being included

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

informed consent

A

agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

freedom from coercion

A

no money, physical or phsychological stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

risk- benefit analysis

A

must demonstrate benefits> risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

deception

A

when justified and when there is no alternative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

debriefing

A

verbal or written description of the true nature and purpose of a study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

cell body

A

coordinates info-processing tasks and keeps cell alive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

dedrites

A

receive info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

axon

A

transmits info to other neurons, muscles or glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulating layer of fatty material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

glial cells

A

support cells in nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

terminal button contains?

A

vesicles of neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

functions of myelin sheath?

A
  1. Digest parts of dead neurons
  2. Provide physical and nutritional support for
    neurons
  3. Form myelin to help the axon transmit
    information more efficiently
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Synapse

A

The junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Sensory neurons

A

receive info from external world and convey

to the brain via the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Motor Neurons

A

carry signals from the spinal

cord to the muscles to produce movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Interneurons

A

connect sensory, motor and interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

how is info passed from neurons to neurons?

A

electrochemical action: conduction: electric signal jumps, transmission: chemical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

resting potential

A

diff in electric charge btw the inside (-) and outside of a neuron’s cell membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

action potential? and how does it occur?

A

An electric signal that is conducted along a neuron’s axon to a synapse. electrical impulse reach threshold: charge inside the neuron > outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

refractory period

A

time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that transmit info across synapse to a receiving neuron’s dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

receptors

A

parts of the cell membrane that receive neurotransmitters and either initiate or prevent a new electric signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A

neurotransmitter: voluntary motor, memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

dopamine

A

neurotransmitter: motor behaviros, motivation, pleasure (reward), emotional arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

glutamate

A

neurotransmitter: excitatory, info transmission thruout the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

GABA (gamma -aminobutyric acid)

A

primary inhibitory neutrotransmitter in brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

norepinephrine

A

neutrotransmitter: mood and arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

serotonin

A

neutrotransmitter: sleep, wakefulness, eating, aggressive behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

endorphins

A

neutrotransmitter: act in pain pathways and emotion centers of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Agonists

A

drug: Increase the action of a neurotransmitter

E.g. L-dopa, amphetamines, cocaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Antagonists

A

drug: Block the function of a neurotransmitter

E.g. propranalol, beta-blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

connects central nervous system to organs and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls involuntary commands of internal organs and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

arousing: prepares body for action in threatening situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

helps body calm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

central nervous system function？

A

Sensory information comes in and decisions come out

81
Q

spinal reflexes

A

simple pathways that rapidly generate muscle contractions

82
Q

spinal cord function

A

Connections between the sensory inputs and motor

neurons

83
Q

Hindbrain

A

Coordinates info coming into and out of the spinal cord, and controls the basic functions of life

84
Q

Midbrain

A

Important for orientation and movement

85
Q

Forebrain

A

complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor functions

86
Q

Cerebellum

A

balance, helps coordinate movements, and fine motor skills

87
Q

Pons

A

triggering dreams and connects the cortex to

the cerebellum

88
Q

medulla

A

regulates heart rate, circulation, respiration

89
Q

reticular formation

A

inside medulla, regulates sleep, wakefulness and arousal

90
Q

tetum

A

orients in environment: 听到声音转过头

91
Q

Tegmentum

A

movement and arousal, orient an organism toward sensory stimuli

92
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays and filters info from the senses (not smell) and transmits it to the cerebral cortex

93
Q

subcortical structures

A

Areas of the forebrain under the cerebral cortex near

center of the brain: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Limbic system

94
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates and maintains constant internal bodily states: hunger, thirst, sexual motivation, and body temperature

95
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

“master gland” : releases hormones signals to other glands to control stress, digestive activities, reproductive process

96
Q

Limbic System

A

forebrain: motivation, emotion, learning, and

memory

97
Q

Hippocampus

A

create memory and integrate them into a network of knowledge so that they can be stored in other parts of the cerebral cortex

98
Q

Amygdala

A

emotional processes, particularly emotional memories: fear

99
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

control movement: Two sets of structures buried in forebrain

100
Q

corpus callosum

A

nerve fibers that connect hemispheres

101
Q

damage to what results in Parkinson?

A

basal ganglia

102
Q

frontal lobe

A

Has specialized areas for

movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, judgement

103
Q

motor cortex

A

frontal lobe: responsible for body movement

104
Q

Broca’s area

A

frontal lobe: production of vocal and sign languages

105
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

process info for touch

106
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

Parietal Lobe: Represents the skin areas on the contralateral surface of the body

107
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

responsible for hearing and language

108
Q

auditory cortex

A

Temporal Lobe: devoted to hearing

109
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Temporal Lobe: language comprehension

110
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

process visual info

111
Q

visual cortex

A

Occipital Lobe: dedicated to seeing

112
Q

association areas

A

areas of cerebral cortex that are composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to info registered in the cortex

113
Q

brain plasticity

A

functions assigned to an area might be reassigned

114
Q

lesions

A

brain damage: allows us to learn about brain functions

115
Q

lateralization

A

左右脑控制另一边的身体

116
Q

Electrical Stimulation

A

Study the link between brain structures and behavior through the recording of electrical activity

117
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A

structural brain image: 3D scan of multiple x-rays taken through the brain

118
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

structural brain image: Measures the release of energy from water following exposure to a magnetic field

119
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

functional brain imaging: inject radioactive tracers, thru various stimuli, more activity = more blood = more tracers

120
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

Measures neural activity through blood

oxygen levels

121
Q

synethesia

A

perceptual experience of one sense that is evolved by another: “see a sound”

122
Q

sensation

A

stimulation of a sense organ, detecting energy from environment

123
Q

preception

A

The organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form mental representation

124
Q

transduction

A

sensors convert signals –> neural signals –> sent to central nervous system

125
Q

psychophysics

A

methods that measure strength of a stimulus and observer’s sensitivity to that stimulus

126
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimal intensity needed to barely detect a stimulus

127
Q

just noticeable difference

A

minimal change in a stimulus that cn just barely be detected

128
Q

Weber’s law

A

the just noticeable diff of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity: 声音越吵，需要更大的声音才会发现stimuli

129
Q

signal detection theory

A

The response to a stimulus depends both on individual perceptual sensitivity and noise

130
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Sensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as an organism adapts to current conditions

131
Q

Sclera

A

White of the eye

132
Q

Cornea, function?

A

Curved, transparent layer covering iris and pupil; shape bends incoming light to focus it on retina

133
Q

Accommodation

A

The process by which the eye maintains a clear
image on the retina:
change shape to focus objects at
diff distances: flat for far/ round for near

134
Q

what happens if accommodation occurs improperly?

A

myopia (nearsightedness) or hyperopia (farsightedness)

135
Q

visual acuity

A

ability to see detail

136
Q

Retina

A

Light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eyeball

137
Q

Fovea

A

An area of the retina where vision is the clearest and there are no rods at all

138
Q

Rods functions

A

active under low-light conditions for night vision: see shapes and forms

139
Q

Cones functions

A

Detect color, operate under normal daylight

conditions, and allow us to focus on fine detail

140
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Collect neural signals from rods and cones

141
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Organize signals to send to the brain

142
Q

optic nerve

A

ganglion cells 的尾部扎在一起，leaves the eye through a hole, forming blind spot

143
Q

blind spot

A

A location in the visual field that produces no sensation on the retina because the corresponding area of the retina contains neither rods nor cones
and therefore cannot sense light

144
Q

Trichromatic Color Representation

A

Cones are sensitive to red (long-wavelength), green
(medium-wavelength), and blue (short-wavelength)
wavelengths

145
Q

Color Blindness

A

The loss of perception for one or more colors due to loss of one or more cones

146
Q

Color-Opponent System

A

Pairs of visual neurons that work in opposition

147
Q

Binding problem

A

How features are linked together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free-floating or mis-combined features

148
Q

Gestalt Principles

A

rules governing how we perceive objects as wholes within their overall context

149
Q

illusory conjection

A

a perceptual mistake where features from multiple objects are incorrectly combined

150
Q

feature integration theory

A

idea that focused attention isnt required to detect individual features that comprise a stimulus but is required to bind features together

151
Q

perceptual constancy

A

ability to recognize objects consistently across

varied conditions

152
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

(require only one eye)

Includes relative size, interposition, linear perspective, etc.

153
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

(require both eyes)

Includes binocular disparity and binocular convergence

154
Q

Apparent motion

A

The perception of movement as a result of alternating signals appearing in rapid succession in diff locations

155
Q

binocular disparity

A

diff in the retinal images of the 2 eyes that provides info about depth

156
Q

Change blindness

A

When people fail to detect changes to the visual details of a scene

157
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

A failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention

158
Q

consciousness

A

a person’s subjective experience of the world and mind

159
Q

what is the intentionality of consciousness?

A

we have to pick where our attention goes

160
Q

what is the unity of consciousness?

A

we cannot multitask

161
Q

what is the selectivity of consciousness?

A

we can choose to include which objects: listen to right ear, not the left

162
Q

dichotic listening

A

people wearing headphones are presented with diff messages in each ear

163
Q

cocktail party phenomenon

A

ppl tune in one message even while they filter out others nearby: 听到有人叫你转过去

164
Q

what is the transience of consciousness?

A

tendency to change, mind wanders constantly

165
Q

minimal consciousness

A

low sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs senations and may output behavior

166
Q

full consciousness

A

fully awake, able to report mental state

167
Q

self-consciousness

A

a person’s attention is drawn to self as an object;

168
Q

mental control

A

change conscious states of mind

169
Q

ironic processes of mental control

A

monitoring for errors can produce them

170
Q

thought suppression

A

a type of mental control: avoidance of thought

171
Q

rebound effect of thought suppression

A

tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression

172
Q

dynamic unconcious

A

a system of hidden memories, deepest instincts and desires, and inner struggle to control these forces

173
Q

repression

A

keep check dynamic unconscious; remove unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness

174
Q

cognitive unconscious

A

process that give rise to a person’s thoughts, choices, emotions and behavior even though they aren’t experienced by the person

175
Q

subliminal perception

A

thought or behavior influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving (quick flash of cola)

176
Q

altered state of consciousness

A

forms of exp that depart from normal subjective exp of the world and mind (dreams)

177
Q

circadian rhythm

A

changes that happens everyday, like hormone release, body T, brain waves and drowsiness (controlled by biological clock)

178
Q

what happens in REM sleep?

A

rapid eye movements and high level of brain activity, heart rate and blood pressure increase, irregular breathing, body paralyzed

179
Q

electroculograph EOG

A

instrument that measure eye movement

180
Q

what happens after sleep deprivation? especially REM?

A

memories deteriorates, REM sleep deprivation: memory problems and aggression

181
Q

narcolepsy, side effects?

A

unexpected onset of sleep; cataplexy

182
Q

sleep apnea

A

airways blocked in sleep

183
Q

somnambulism

A

sleep walking

184
Q

sleep paralysis

A

unable to move in sleep

185
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

Chemicals that influences consciousness or behavior by altering the brain’s chemical message system

186
Q

Drug tolerance

A

The tendency for larger doses of a drug to be

required over time to achieve the same effect

187
Q

depressants

A

reduce activity of central nervous system

188
Q

sedative drugs

A

calming effect

189
Q

hypnotic drugs

A

sleep-inducing effect

190
Q

why is alcohol stimulant but mostly depressant?

A

小量:relax,elevated mood,lower inhibitions (stimulant) 大量:depression, bad concentration, walking or speaking (depressant)

191
Q

expectancy theory

A

ppl influenced by how they expect to be influenced

192
Q

balanced placebo design

A

骗人家说放了酒了：没放&有放的差别

193
Q

alcohol myopia

A

alcohol hampers attention, ppl respond in simple ways to complex situations

194
Q

stimulants

A

excite central nervous system

195
Q

narcotics or opiates

A

drugs derived from opium that can relieve pain

196
Q

hallucinogens

A

alter sensation and perception, often causing hallucination

197
Q

marijuana, how does it affect people?

A

produces intoxication that is mildly hallucinogenic; judgment, short memory, motor skills and coordination

198
Q

what are the 3 factors that affect alcohol intoxication?

A

rate of absorption, genetic difference, user’s expectancies

199
Q

the properties of narcotics or opiates are similar to what neurotransmitter?

A

endorphin

Psych (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions