Exam 1 Flashcards by Haleigh Schmidt

Which of the following best describes the Standard North American Family (SNAF)?

a) Same-sex parents raising biological children
b) Heterosexual, married couple with biological children
c) Single parent with biological children
d) Cohabiting couples raising adopted children

heterosexual, married couple with biological children

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Which of the following has been a trend over the last 40 years regarding single and unmarried adults?

a) Decreasing single adults
b) Increasing single adults
c) Decreasing reliance on parents for assistance
d) Decrease in communication with parents

increasing single adults

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Which group is most likely to provide practical assistance to parents, siblings, friends, and neighbors?

a) Married individuals
b) Single adults
c) Divorced individuals
d) Same-sex couples

single adults

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Which of the following is NOT a function of theory?

a) Accumulation
b) Guidance and precision
c) Emotionally charged feedback
d) Explanation/interpretation

emotionally charged feedback

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Which component of a theory refers to abstract ideas such as marital satisfaction or stability?

a) Propositions
b) Concepts
c) Relations
d) Assumptions

concepts

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In theory building, the proposition “Families who have been successful at one stage are more likely to be successful at the next” could be tested by a research hypothesis, such as:

a) Families who are successful during one stage experience higher happiness
b) Partners with higher relationship satisfaction prior to childbirth will report lower rates of depression after the child’s birth
c) Families experience consistent success over time
d) Families that experience stress will always become stronger

partners with higher relationship satisfaction prior to childbirth will report lower rates of depression after the child’s birth

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Which of the following intellectual traditions is Family Systems Theory most influenced by?

a) Cybernetics
b) Behavioral psychology
c) Structuralism
d) Functionalism

cybernetics

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In Family Systems Theory, which of the following is an example of homeostasis?

a) Parents adjusting to a child’s new behaviors
b) Constantly increasing conflict in a family
c) A family constantly seeking therapy
d) A child moving out and returning frequently

parents adjusting to a child’s new behaviors

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Which of the following best describes the concept of triangulation in family systems?

a) A positive way of diffusing family tension
b) A child taking on the role of mediator between parents
c) An unintentional emotional withdrawal from family life
d) A stable family dynamic maintained over time

a child taking on the role of mediator between parents

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In Bowen’s Family Systems Theory, differentiation of self refers to:

a) The emotional reactivity within a family
b) The balance between thought and emotion in individuals
c) The ability of family members to follow strict family roles
d) The process of controlling family behavior patterns

the balance between thought and emotion in individuals

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Which stage of family development theory refers to a family’s first phase of life as a unit?

a) Family Life Cycle (Duvall)
b) Family Career (Aldous)
c) Life Course Perspective
d) Family Development Theory (White)

family life cycle (Duvall)

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Which of the following is a concept in the Life Course Perspective?

a) Turning Points
b) Family Tasks
c) Family Stages
d) Cohesion

turning points

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The Life Course Perspective places emphasis on:

a) Stages of family life and tasks
b) Recurring family conflicts
c) The role of grandparents in family development
d) Family flexibility in roles

stages of family life and tasks

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According to the ABC-X Model in Family Stress Theory, which of the following factors can affect how a family copes with stress?

a) Resources
b) Cognitive appraisal
c) The characteristics of the stressor event
d) All of the above

all of the above

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Which of the following describes a stressor event as “physically absent but psychologically present”?
a) Divorce
b) Military deployment
c) Alzheimer’s disease
d) child’s first day of school

military deployment

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What does the Double ABC-X Model in Family Stress Theory introduce that the original ABC-X Model does not?

a) The impact of resources on stress
b) The importance of cognitive appraisal
c) The post-crisis adjustment phase
d) The effect of previous stressors on a family’s coping process

the post-crisis adjustment phase

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Which assumption is central to Social Exchange Theory?

a) Individuals are motivated by self-interest
b) People act based on external societal norms
c) People act solely for the benefit of others
d) Social relationships are based on emotional dependence

individuals are motivated by self interest

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Which of the following is a key concept in Social Exchange Theory?

a) Reciprocity
b) Feedback loops
c) Ambiguous loss
d) Differentiation of self

reciprocity

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In Social Exchange Theory, which is the best description of a “Comparison Level” (CL)?

a) A measure of how a person evaluates their relationship based on past experiences
b) A person’s ability to adjust their needs to others’ desires
c) The perceived costs of maintaining a relationship
d) The minimum expected rewards in a social interaction

a measure of how a person evaluates their relationship based on past experiences

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Feminist Family Theory challenges which of the following?
a) The idea of gender equality within family roles
b) The traditional division of labor within families
c) Both a and b
d) The gender-neutral approach to family life

both a and b

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Which concept is central to understanding the impact of race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES) on family dynamics?

a) Social Exchange Theory
b) Family Systems Theory
c) Intersectionality
d) Life Course Perspective

intersectionality

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Which of the following is a key focus of research on sexual orientation and gender identity?

a) Heteronormativity
b) Fixed gender roles
c) The effects of same-sex marriage legalization
d) All of the above

all of the above

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What is one of the key assumptions of feminist family theory?

a) Gender does not structure societies.
b) Women as a class are subordinated.
c) Families are static institutions.
d) Gender roles are biologically determined.

women as a class are subordinated

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According to liberal feminism and gender theory, gender difference is:

a) Innate and fixed.
b) Socially constructed and reinforced.
c) A result of hormonal differences.
d) A consequence of biological programming

socially constructed and reinforced

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What does the concept of 'doing gender' (West & Zimmerman, 1987) refer to? a) How people engage in gender-based violence. b) How gender roles are performed in everyday interactions. c) How individuals are biologically predisposed to act in gendered ways. d) How society determines gender identity at birth.

how gender roles are performed in everyday interactions

Which feminist theory emphasizes gender differences and values “essential” female traits? a) Liberal feminism. b) Cultural feminism. c) Radical feminism. d) Postmodern feminism.

cultural feminism

Which of the following is an example of alpha bias in gender research, according to Rachel Hare-Mustin? a) Ignoring differences due to power and privilege. b) Exaggerating gender differences, such as assuming men are naturally better at math than women. c) Assuming that findings from male participants apply equally to female participants. d) Ignoring the impact of socialization on gender roles.

exaggerating gender differences, such as assuming men are naturally better at math than women

Which of the following statements best represents the Family Transformation Perspective on marriage in the 1950s? a) The 1950s model of marriage is ideal and should be revived. b) Marriages in the 1950s were marked by high levels of satisfaction and equality. c) Marriages in the 1950s were restrictive and reflected only certain social demographics. d) The 1950s model of marriage was based on institutional, rather than companionate, values.

marriages in the 1950s were restrictive and reflected only certain social demographics

In terms of family history, what was a common characteristic of marriages during the institutional marriage period (1776–1850)? a) Emphasis on self-expression and individual needs. b) Women had legal identities and could own property. c) Marriages were about social tradition and male authority. d) Marriages were seen as a source of personal fulfillment.

marriages were about social tradition and male authority

According to Coontz, what was a key change in the meaning of marriage after the Industrial Revolution? a) The institution of marriage was entirely replaced by cohabitation. b) Marriage became more about love and emotional fulfillment. c) Marriage became less important to family life. d) Marriage shifted from an individualistic to an institutional model.

marriage became more about love and emotional fullfilment

What is one of the criticisms of the self-actualization view of marriage? a) It assumes that marriage is primarily about financial stability. b) It places unrealistic expectations on marriage to fulfill all psychological needs. c) It fails to account for the importance of gender roles in marriage. d) It underestimates the importance of self-sacrifice in marriage.

it places unrealistic expectations on marriage to fulfill all psychological needs

Which of the following best describes homonormativity? a) The belief that all families should be heterosexual. b) The acceptance of LGBTQ families only when they resemble traditional heterosexual family structures. c) The idea that homosexuality is biologically determined. d) The denial of the existence of bisexuality.

the acceptance of LGBTQ families only when they resemble traditional heterosexual family structures

What does the term “intersex” refer to? a) A condition in which an individual’s sex chromosomes do not match their genital appearance. b) The process by which an individual chooses their gender identity. c) A belief that gender is purely binary. d) A term used to describe individuals who do not adhere to heteronormative sexual behaviors.

a condition in which an individual's sex chromosome do not match their genital appearance

Which of the following is an example of a “master identity status”? a) An individual who is described as a “lesbian writer,” implying their sexual orientation defines their whole identity. b) A person who is recognized for their talent as a musician but also happens to be gay. c) A “transgender woman” described as such only in relation to her career.

an individual who is described as a "lesbian writer", implying their sexual orientation defined their whole identity

What does queer theory argue about sexual orientation and gender identity? a) They are fixed and universally defined. b) They are social constructions that vary and are dynamic. c) They are biological realities that should not be questioned. d) They should be strictly confined to heteronormative categories.

they are social constructions that vary and are dynamic

According to the Family Decline Perspective, which of the following trends is contributing to the breakdown of families? a) Increasing divorce rates and cohabitation. b) The rise of same-sex marriages. c) The expansion of work-from-home opportunities. d) A focus on marital satisfaction over stability.

increasing divorce rates and cohabitation

Which of the following statements is a common belief in the Family Transformation Perspective? a) Families in the past were more stable and better for children than modern families. b) Family structures are more diverse today, and these changes should be seen as positive. c) Marriage should always be for economic reasons. d) Family decline leads to societal decay and instability.

family structures are more diverse today, and these changes should be seen as positive

Which of the following was a key feature of family life during the Companionate, Breadwinner-Homemaker Marriage period (1850–1965)? a) High levels of marital satisfaction due to economic independence. b) Emphasis on love and mutual dependence between husband and wife. c) Equal division of labor between men and women. d) The rejection of marriage as a necessary institution.

emphasis on love and mutual dependence between husband and wife

What does the term 'bisexuality' refer to? a) A refusal to conform to any sexual orientation. b) A sexual attraction to individuals of both male and female genders. c) A temporary phase for individuals transitioning to being heterosexual. d) A term used exclusively for individuals with multiple sexual partners.

a sexual attraction to individuals for both male and female genders

What is the “separate spheres” ideology related to in feminist family theory? a) The belief that men and women should have completely different work and family roles. b) The idea that families are not influenced by gender roles. c) The notion that family work should be equally shared by men and women. d) The belief that men and women are interchangeable in family roles.

the belief that men and women should have completely different work and family roles

Which statement describes the “doing gender” concept in feminist family theory? a) Gender roles are predetermined by biology and genetics. b) Gender roles are learned through formal education systems. c) Gender roles are enacted through daily interactions and behaviors. d) Gender roles are static and do not change over time.

gender roles are enacted through daily interactions and behaviors

Which of the following is an example of cultural feminism? a) Advocating for policies that ignore gender differences. b) Valuing “essential” female traits and advocating for special treatment for women. c) Arguing that gender differences are socially constructed and should be eliminated. d) Emphasizing that men and women should be treated as equals without any special accommodations.

valuing "essential" female traits and advocating for special treatment for women

According to Meyer’s Minority Stress Theory, which of the following factors contributes to chronic stress for individuals in minority groups? a. Only distal stressors b. Only proximal stressors c. A combination of distal and proximal stressors d. There is no relationship between stress and minority status

a combination of distal and proximal stressors

Which of the following is NOT part of Lev’s Model of Transgender Emergence? a. Awareness and distress management b. Transition issues c. Developing a gender role d. Integration

developing a gender role

The “one drop rule” refers to: a. A policy giving privileges to White people b. A historical concept in the U.S. that defined anyone with African ancestry as Black c. A measure of racial identity fluidity d. The legal rights granted to bi-racial individuals

a historical concept in the U.S. that defined anyone with african ancestry as black

Which of the following is a key characteristic of intersectionality as discussed in the context of race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation? a. Viewing different forms of inequality as separate and unrelated b. Understanding how race, gender, and sexuality intersect and influence experiences c. Denying the importance of race in societal inequalities d. Focusing on gender alone to analyze power dynamics

understanding how race, gender and sexuality intersect and influence experiences

According to McIntosh’s “White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack,” which of the following privileges was highlighted? a. White people are less likely to be discriminated against in social spaces b. White people experience a greater sense of racialized discomfort c. White people are often treated as invisible d. White people are rarely able to discuss their race openly

white people are less likely to be discriminated against in social spaces

What did Devah Pager’s research study reveal about implicit bias and employment? a. White men with criminal records were more likely to receive job callbacks than Black men without criminal records b. Black men with no criminal record were more likely to receive job callbacks than White men with a criminal record c. Criminal records had no significant impact on call-back rates d. Both White and Black men had equal call-back rates regardless of criminal record

white men with criminal records were more likely to receive job callbacks than black men without criminal records

In the context of lesbian relationships, which of the following is a predictor of relationship satisfaction? a. High levels of conflict b. Low attachment security c. High levels of neuroticism d. High levels of perceived similarity between partners

high levels of perceived similarity between partners

Which concept describes the societal tendency to treat individuals from certain racial backgrounds as representative of an entire racial group? a. Racialization b. Homogamy c. Colorism d. Familism

racialization

According to Rockquemore & Henderson, why is “colorblindness” problematic in the context of interracial families? a. It reinforces racial hierarchies by ignoring them b. It overstates the differences in race and ethnicity c. It fosters stronger racial unity d. It accurately represents the diverse nature of modern families

it reinforces racial hierarchies by ignoring them

The concept of “functional nonmonogamy” is most commonly associated with: a. Lesbian couples b. Gay male couples c. Heterosexual couples d. Same-sex couples with children

gay male couples

Family systems: a family’s ability to take in outside influence while maintaining a unified bond and loyalty to each other is called 1. Cohesion 2. Unification 3. Communication 4. Flexibility

cohesion

What is theory: which example best characterizes a research hypothesis? 1. A broad, general idea that guides theory building 2. Untestable statement based on theoretical arguments 3. A specific, testable prediction about the relationship of two variables 4. A research question worth exploring

a specific, testable prediction about the relationship of two variables

What is theory: when we operationalize a concept we make it 1. Reliable 2. Measurable 3. A hypothesis 4. An assumption

measurable

Family systems: which concept in family systems theory suggests that problems often occur in patterns of interaction? 1. Circular causality 2. Homeostasis 3. Roles 4. Rules

circular causality

What is theory: which example describes a variable? 1. Less than or greater than 2. A negative correlation 3. Marital satisfaction scale 4. Family’s cultural traditions

marital satisfaction scale

Feminist Frameworks & Gender: What is the main idea behind gender theory? 1. Gender is a social construct that varies across cultures and time 2. Gender is biologically determined 3. Gender roles don’t differ across societies 4. Gender and sex are interchangeable

gender is a social construct that varies across cultures and time

Family Development Theory: A researcher who is comparing two cohorts would look at the educational level of 22 year old females in 1959 and in 2015 True or False

true

Family Stress Theory: Ambiguous loss can cause greater stress than unambiguous loss True or False

true

Social Exchange Theory: According to social exchange theory, which of the following is considered a “cost” in relationships? 1. Time and effort invested into the relationship 2. Overall satisfaction of the relationship 3. Gifts given throughout the relationship 4. Mutual respect exchanged between partners

time and effort invested into the relationship

Social Exchange Theory: In Equity Theory, our perception of equality and fairness in relationships is more important than the reality True or False

true

Exam 1 Flashcards

(62 cards)