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Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The body’s innate mechanism to maintain a stable internal environment

Homeostasis ensures conditions such as temperature, pH, and the concentration of various substances

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2
Q

What does homeostasis ensure?

A

Conditions such as temperature, pH, and the concentration of various substances

These factors are crucial for the proper functioning of the body.

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3
Q

Is homeostasis a static state?

A

No, homeostasis is not a static state but is a Dynamic Equilibrium

It involves continuous adjustments in regulation.

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4
Q

What is meant by Dynamic Equilibrium in homeostasis?

A

A state involving continuous adjustments to counteract disturbances

This helps maintain the body’s internal balance.

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5
Q

What role do feedback systems play in homeostasis?

A

They continuously monitor physiological parameters and initiate corrective actions when deviations occur

Feedback systems are crucial for maintaining homeostasis.

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6
Q

What is a sensor (receptor) in a feedback system?

A

A component that detects changes in a specific variable (e.g., body temperature) and sends signals to the control center.

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7
Q

What is the role of the control center in a feedback system?

A

Typically the brain or specific organs like the pancreas, it receives input from the sensor, compares it to the set point, and determines the appropriate response.

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8
Q

What is an effector in a feedback system?

A

A structure or organ that carries out the response instructed by the control center to bring the variable back into the desired range.

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9
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

A mechanism that works to counteract changes in a variable and return it to the set point.

Example: When body temperature rises, negative feedback mechanisms trigger sweating to cool down the body.

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10
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

A mechanism that amplifies or reinforces changes rather than opposing them, playing critical roles in certain physiological processes.

Example: Blood clotting during injury or uterine contractions during childbirth.

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11
Q

What is a clinical application for nurses regarding feedback systems?

A

Vital sign monitoring, which involves measuring and assessing vital signs like temperature, heart rate, and pressure to ensure they fall within normal ranges.

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12
Q

What is the role of medication administrations?

A

Understanding their effects on the body’s physiological processes and monitoring for any adverse reactions that may disrupt homeostasis.

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13
Q

How does wound healing occur?

A

Wound healing requires an optimal physiological environment to promote healing and restore damaged tissue.

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14
Q

What is the importance of fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

Maintaining the balance of fluids and electrolytes is essential for homeostasis. Nurses monitor and administer fluids and electrolytes to correct imbalances.

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15
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

The anatomical position describes the body with the face directed forward, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward.

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16
Q

What does ‘superior’ mean in anatomy?

A

Superior refers to being toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body. For example, the forehead is superior to the nose.

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17
Q

What does ‘inferior’ mean in anatomy?

A

Inferior refers to being away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body. For example, the navel is inferior to the breastbone.

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18
Q

What does ‘anterior’ mean?

A

Toward or at the front of the body; also the front of the body.

Example: The heart is anterior to the breastbone.

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19
Q

What does ‘posterior’ mean?

A

Toward or at the back side of the body; also behind.

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20
Q

What does ‘medial’ mean?

A

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side.

Example: The heart is medial to the arm.

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21
Q

What does ‘lateral’ mean?

A

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side.

Example: The arms are lateral to the chest.

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22
Q

What does ‘intermediate’ mean?

A

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure.

Example: The collarbone is intermediate to the breastbone.

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23
Q

What does ‘proximal’ mean?

A

Close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment.

Example: The elbow is proximal to the wrist.

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24
Q

What does ‘anterior’ mean?

A

Toward or at the front of the body; also the front of the body.

Example: The heart is anterior to the breastbone.

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25
What does 'posterior' mean?
Toward or at the back side of the body; also behind.
26
What does 'medial' mean?
Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side. ## Footnote Example: The heart is medial to the arm.
27
What does 'lateral' mean?
Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side. ## Footnote Example: The arms are lateral to the chest.
28
What does 'intermediate' mean?
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure. ## Footnote Example: The collarbone is intermediate to the breastbone.
29
What does 'proximal' mean?
Close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment. ## Footnote Example: The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
30
What is the definition of the knee in relation to the thigh?
The knee is distal to the thigh.
31
What are anatomical planes?
Anatomical planes are reference lines used by professionals to describe sections or cuts made through the body.
32
How many main anatomical planes are there?
There are three main anatomical planes, each positioned at right angles to the others.
33
What does the sagittal plane do?
The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right sections.
34
What does the frontal (coronal) plane do?
The frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections.
35
What does the transverse (horizontal) plane do?
The transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) sections.
36
Why are anatomical planes important?
They are important in medical imaging (e.g., X-rays, CT scans, MRI) for understanding how different parts of the body are positioned in relation to each other.
37
What is a midsagittal (median) section?
If the sagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left parts, it is called a midsagittal (median) section.
38
What are parasagittal sections?
All other sagittal sections that do not divide the body into equal right and left parts are called parasagittal sections.
39
What is a frontal section?
A frontal section is a cut along a lengthwise plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts. ## Footnote It is also called a coronal section.
40
What does a transverse section do?
A transverse section is a cut along a horizontal plane, dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts. ## Footnote It is also called a cross section.
41
What does a transverse section of the kidneys show?
At the level of the kidneys, a transverse section would show kidney structure in cross section very nicely.
42
What are the two main cavities in the body?
The two main cavities in the body are the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity.
43
What is the dorsal cavity made up of?
The dorsal cavity is made up of two continuous subdivisions: the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity.
44
What does the ventral cavity contain?
The ventral cavity is the larger of the two and contains all of the structures within the chest and abdomen.
45
What are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity?
The subdivisions of the ventral cavity include the thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity.
46
What is the abdominopelvic cavity?
The abdominopelvic cavity is a term that encompasses both the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity.
47
What are the main cavities in the head?
The main cavities in the head include the oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavities, and middle ear cavities.
48
What is the abdominopelvic cavity?
The abdominopelvic cavity is located inferior to the diaphragm and is divided into a superior abdominal cavity and an inferior pelvic cavity.
49
What does the superior abdominal cavity contain?
The superior abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs.
50
What does the inferior pelvic cavity contain?
The inferior pelvic cavity contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum.
51
Is there a physical structure dividing the abdominopelvic cavity?
No, there is no actual physical structure dividing the abdominopelvic cavity.
52
What are the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity?
The four quadrants are Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), and Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ).
53
What is the location of the superior transverse plane?
It is just superior to the ribs.
54
What is the location of the inferior transverse plane?
It is just superior to the hip bones.
55
Where do the parasagittal planes lie?
They lie just medial to the nipples.
56
What regions flank the epigastric region?
The right hypochondriac and left hypochondriac regions flank the epigastric region.
57
What is the location of the epigastric region?
It is located superior to the umbilical region. ## Footnote (epi = upon, gastric = stomach)
58
What is the location of the right lumbar region?
It lies lateral to the umbilical region.
59
What is the umbilical region?
It is the centermost region, deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel).
60
What is the location of the left lumbar region?
It lies lateral to the umbilical region.
61
What is the location of the right iliac (inguinal) region?
It is lateral to the hypogastric region.
62
What is the hypogastric (pubic) region?
It is inferior to the umbilical region. ## Footnote (hypo = below)
63
What is the location of the left iliac region?
It is lateral to the hypogastric region.
64
What is a cluster of similar cells that share a common function?
A tissue.
65
What is an organ?
A structure consisting of two or more types of tissues that collaborate to perform a specific function for the body.
66
What is homeostasis?
The body's innate mechanism to maintain a stable internal environment.
67
What does dynamic equilibrium refer to?
A state of balance within the body's internal environment.
68
What is negative feedback?
Feedback that causes the stimulus to decline or end.
69
What is positive feedback?
Feedback that tends to cause a variable to change in the same direction as the initial change; enhances the stimulus.
70
What is a receptor?
A component that detects changes in a specific variable (e.g., body temperature) and sends signals to the control center.
71
What is a plane in anatomical terms?
An imaginary line cutting through a body wall or organ, used for imaging or viewing purposes.
72
What is the cell?
The cell is the structural and functional unit of the human body, and cells of similar structure and function form tissues.
73
How do cells sustain life?
Cells carry out the metabolic activities needed to sustain life, and they divide to form or repair tissues.
74
Why is cell division important?
Cell division allows for the formation of many types of tissues, enabling division of labor among the body's systems.
75
What is the function of ribosomes?
Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis in the cell.
76
What is the role of the plasma membrane?
The plasma membrane separates the cell's internal environment from the external surroundings and acts as a selectively permeable barrier.
77
Where is the plasma membrane located?
The plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell.
78
What is cytoplasm?
Cytoplasm is the fluid-filled interior of the cell where numerous organelles are suspended.
79
What processes occur in the cytoplasm?
The cytoplasm houses various metabolic processes essential for cell survival, growth, and replication.
80
What is the location of the cytoplasm?
The cytoplasm is located between the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane.
81
What is the nucleus?
The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing genetic material in the form of DNA, which dictates the cell's activities and characteristics. ## Footnote The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane known as the nuclear envelope, and its contents include the nucleolus and chromatin.
82
Where is the nucleus located?
The nucleus is suspended in the cytoplasm in the middle of the cell.
83
What are mitochondria?
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for energy production through cellular respiration. They also have their own DNA and replicate independently within the cell. ## Footnote Mitochondria convert adenosine to phosphate.
84
Where are mitochondria located?
Mitochondria are found inside the cytoplasm.
85
What are ribosomes?
Ribosomes are tiny factories within cells that assemble proteins based on instructions provided by DNA, contributing to various essential functions for life. ## Footnote Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries coding sequences for protein synthesis, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms the core of ribosomes, and transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.
86
Where are ribosomes located?
Ribosomes can be free in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to form rough ER.
87
What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
Directs movements of lipids and proteins through the cell. Rough ER is involved in synthesizing proteins, while Smooth ER is involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification.
88
Where is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) located?
A network of membrane-enclosed tubules and sacs (cisternae) that extends from the nuclear membrane throughout the cytoplasm.
89
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Functions as a processing and packaging center for proteins and lipids; it modifies and sorts these molecules before they are transported to their final destinations within or outside the cell.
90
Where is the Golgi apparatus located?
Within the cytoplasm, adjacent to the nucleus.
91
What is the function of lysosomes?
Contain enzymes that break down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign substances; they are involved in cellular maintenance and recycling.
92
Where are lysosomes located?
Membrane-enclosed organelles located in the cytoplasm.
93
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
A dynamic network of protein filaments that provides structural support to the cell, facilitates intracellular transport, and is involved in cell movement.
94
Where is the cytoskeleton located?
Under the plasma membrane and nucleus for structure and support, helping to link cells to each other or the extracellular matrix.
95
96
What is the function of vacuoles?
To store various components, including nutrients necessary for cell survival and waste products, thus safeguarding the cell from contamination and breaking down complex molecules.
97
Where are vacuoles located?
Within the cytoplasm, separated from it by a single membrane known as the tonoplast.
98
What is the approximate water composition of cells?
Cells are about 60% water.
99
What are the main elements that make up cells?
Cells are made up of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N).
100
What are the three main regions of a cell?
Nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane.
101
What is the nuclear envelope?
A boundary or wall, double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, contains nuclear pores, and holds in the jelly-like fluid in the nucleus called the nucleoplasm.
102
What is chromatin?
Made up of DNA wound around proteins (histones) that condense to form dense, rod-like bodies called chromosomes when the cell divides.
103
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Houses genetic material DNA
104
How do ribosomes move into the cytoplasm?
Ribosomes move into the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores for a process called protein synthesis.
105
What are nuclear pores?
Allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell.
106
What is excretion in cells?
All cells can rid themselves of waste products resulting from the metabolic breakdown of nutrients. ## Footnote Lysosomes within cells contain enzymes that break down large molecules into waste products that are released from the cell.
107
What is cellular respiration?
Cells absorb oxygen to transform nutrients into energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ## Footnote Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria.
108
What is the role of reproduction in tissues?
Tissue growth occurs as cells enlarge or reproduce themselves. New cells are produced to replace those lost through cellular death. ## Footnote Not all cells are capable of continuous division; for example, nerve cells cannot reproduce.
109
Why is communication critical for cells?
Communication is essential for all cellular functions, such as pancreatic cells releasing insulin to signal muscle cells to take up sugar from the blood for energy. ## Footnote Constant communication allows for the maintenance of homeostasis.
110
What is membrane transport?
Movement of molecules across biological membranes is essential for cell survival and function.
111
What are the types of membrane transport?
There are two main types: passive transport and facilitated diffusion.
112
What is passive transport?
Passive transport includes diffusion and osmosis.
113
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
114
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across membranes.
115
What is facilitated diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion is the assisted movement of molecules through protein channels.
116
What is active transport?
Active transport involves the movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
117
What are the two types of bulk transport?
The two types of bulk transport are endocytosis and exocytosis.
118
What does selective permeability mean?
Selective permeability means that a barrier allows some substances to pass through while blocking others.
119
What is the role of the plasma membrane in selective permeability?
The plasma membrane acts as a selective permeable barrier, functioning only in healthy, unharmed cells.
120
What happens to the plasma membrane when a cell dies?
When a cell dies, its plasma membrane can no longer be selective and becomes permeable to everything.
121
What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?
The sodium-potassium pump carries sodium ions (Na⁺) out of the cell and potassium ions (K⁺) into the cell, necessary for normal transmission of nerve impulses.
122
What is ATP?
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy-carrying molecule in cells.
123
What is vesicular transport?
Vesicular transport includes exocytosis and endocytosis, enabling large molecules to move between the intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF).
124
What is the function of endocytosis?
Endocytosis enables molecules to enter the cell by engulfing them in the cell membrane.
125
What is the function of exocytosis?
Exocytosis releases contents from the cell by merging vesicles with the cell membrane.

Bioscience (1 decks)

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