Exam 1 Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is the formula for Cardiac Output?
CO = HR x SV
What is the formula for Blood Pressure?
BP = CO x SVR
What is formula for Pulse Pressure?
Systolic BP - Diastolic BP
(should be approx 1/3 of systolic)
Is there is a change to systolic BP, what does it indicate?
The peak pressure on the arteries has increased due to
myocardial contractility
increased vasoconstriction
increased stroke volume
Is there is a change to diastolic BP, what does it indicate?
Alterations to vessel diameter (SVR)
How do you calculate mean arterial pressue?
MAP = DBP + (SBP-DBP)/3
Explain the SNS activation process (Shock)
SNS Activation
* Decreased baroreceptor stimulation detected ->
* Sympathetic nerves and adrenal medulla stimulated ->
* * Adrenaline & noadrenaline released
* * Myocardial contractility
* * HR increase
Explain the HPA Axis (shock)
HPA Axis
* Decreased arterial pressure detected ->
* Hypothalamus release CTH and ADH ->
* ACTH from pituitary to release cortisol from adrenal cortex ->
* * gluconeogenesis
* * glycogenolysis
* * lipolysis
* * Sodium reabsorpion and water (ADH)
Explain the RAAS system
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Detection of increased sympathetic stimulation ->
* Renin Released (kidneys) ->
* Stimulates angiotensin (liver) conversion to angiotension 1 ->
* Angiotension 1 converst to Angiotension 2 (lungs) ->
* Arteriolar constriction stimulates aldosterone release (adrenal cortext)->
* *Kidneys conserve water and sodium.
What is the formula for Mean Arterial Pressure
MAP = DBP + (SBP-DBP)/3
Define Mean Arterial Pressure
The average pressure in the arteries during a heart beat cycle
What is a mole?
A unit of measurement of molecules in a substance.
lots of molecules = a mole
What is molarity?
Te
The number of moles in solute per 1 Litre
What is osmolarity
The number of particles present after being dissolved in water (in 1 litre)
What is tonicity?
the relative measure of the osmotic gradient beween two solutions
What are the two theories on pain modulation
Gate Theory
DMPP
What receptors does Ketamine inhibit
NMDA receptors
What is nociception?
The bodys way of perceiving and responding to potentially painful stimulii
What is the pain pathway?
Transduction (depolarisation of fibres)
Transmission (movement of action potential)
Perception (interpretation in brain of transmission)
Modulation (altering transmission of pain in the spinal cord)
What is chronic pain?
Pain persists depsite improvement of injury, a pathological process
What is gate control theory?
Light stimulus activates beta fibres that closes the pain gate.
What is Descending/ascending modulatory pair pathway? (DMPP)
release of excitory or inhibitory neurotransmitters in the spinal cord that inhibits pain transmission
How much fluid loss for decompensated shock?
30%-40%
