Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What do Microorganism do
A
- Contrubte to the quality of human and life in general ( Food Production, Bioodegration, Antiboitcs)
- Maintain the balance of chemival elements in nature( Recycle carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus)
- Breakdown the remains of all that die
- Microbes are able to degrade cellulse, leaves and fallen trees do not pile up
- Infectious diesases
2
Q
Hierarchy
A
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family,Genus, Species
3
Q
Nomenclature
A
Genus First same, Always Cap.. Species, Second name
4
Q
Prokaryotes
A
NO NUCLEUS, NO membrane bound organelles
5
Q
Eukaryotes
A
Have nucleus, have organelles
6
Q
Bacteria
A
Single Celled, Cell wall contains protein carbohydrate comeplex ( peptidglycan)
7
Q
Archaea
A
Lack cell wall.. or cell wall lacks peptidoglycan
Extreamophilies
8
Q
Fungi
A
Eukaryotes
Uni/Multcellular
9
Q
Protozoa
A
Unicellular eukaryotes
Moves by flagella, cilia or pseudopods
10
Q
Algea
A
Photosynthetic eukaryotes
11
Q
Viruses
A
Aceullular. No cytoplasm/organelle
No Metabolism of their own
Must replicate using the host cells metabolic machinery
Possess either DNA/RNA but not both
12
Q
Total Magnification
A
Objective lens maginifcation x Ocular lens magification ( power)
13
Q
Resolution
A
The ability of the lenses to distinguish fine details and structures
The ability of the leanse to distinguish 2 points a specific distance apart
14
Q
Path of light
A
Illuminator-Condesnor lenses-objectivelens-body tube-prisum-acular lens- line of visums
15
Q
Bright field illumination
A
Shows internal strucutres and the outline of the transparaent pellicle ( external covering)
Path of light- Lgith condenser lens specimen objective lens ocular lens
16
Q
Darkfield microscopy
A
Aginst a black background, edges of the cell are bright some internal structures seem to sparkle and the pellicle is almost visible
Has a special condenser ( opagque disk that eliminates all light in the center of the beam. Only light that reaches the specimen come in at an angle, only light reflected by the specimenas reaches the objective lens
17
Q
Phase-Contrast Microscopy
A
Makes cells and other dense materials appear darker.
Useful to look at internal structures in details and in living organism.
Passes through a ring shaped diaphramge.
18
Q
Fluorescence Microscopy
A
Stained with fluorochromes
19
Q
Confocal Microscopy
A
Produce 3 dimensional images
Uses fluorochromes stains
20
Q
Electron Microscopy
A
Beam of electrons is used instead of light
Two Types: Transmission, Scanning
21
Q
Transmission Electron Microscopy
A
Electron Mic View internal strucutres Specimen is frozen and cut into thins slices Stained with heavy metals Darker ateas are denser portions
22
Q
Scanning Electron
A
observe surface details of the cell
Coated with thin film of metal
Electron are released from the specimena nd reflected back into the viewing chamber
23
Q
Gram Staining Process
A
Crystal Violet ( 30 s) Stains cell purple
DI water
Iodine( 10s) Stainscells remain purple
DI water
Alcohol- Decolorizer(10-20s) Gram = remain purple.. Gram - Cells appear colorless
DI water
Safranin ( 30s) Gram + cells remain purple
Gram neg cells appear pink
DI water
Dry with bibulous paper
24
Q
Gram positive
A
Higher peptiodglycan content
Low Lipid content
Shrinking of the pores upon alcholo treatment
Crystal violet iodine complex is retained inside the cell
*Thick cell wall**
25
Gram negative
```
Low peptidoglycan content
Higher lipid content
Dissolution of the lipid membrane upon alcohol treatment
Complex is washed out
Cell takes up counterstain
```
26
Acid Fast Stain
Identify bacteria in mycobacterium genus
| Have waxy material in cell walls
27
Negative staining for capsules
cant be stained
| mixed in solution will give background a contrasting
28
Endospore Staining
Gram + bac
Cant be stained
Use Schaeffer Fulton Endospore stain techineues
29
Schaeffer- Fulton Stain
Heatfix smear
Put paper over it and over a steamer
Take paper off
Stain with malachite green which can penitrate thick cell walls ( stains green)
counter stain with safranin ( staining red)
30
Flagella Staining
Staining agent used to adheres to and coats the flagella.. increases their diameter
31
Giemsa Staining
Used to differentiate nuclear/Cytoplasmic morphologys of Plateletes, RBC,WBC, Parasites
Methylene Blue and Eosin
32
Prokaryotes
```
No nucleus
No Histones
No Membrane bound organells
peptidoglycan cell walls
Divide by binary fission
BAc and Archaea
```
33
Coccus
Spherical
34
Rod-Shaped
Bacillus ( Rods)
35
Spiral
Vibrio, Spirillum,Spirochete
36
Diplo
Chains ( two together)
37
Strepto
Chain of cocci
38
Chains
Diplo ( two together)
| Strepto- Long chain
39
Packets
Sarcinae
40
Sarcinae
Packets
41
Clusters
Cells divided in several planes at random
| Staphylo
42
Staphylo
Cluster
| Cells divided in several planes at random
43
Glycocalyx
Substance that surround the cell
Polysaccharides
Organized: firmly attached to cell wall:l Capsule
Unorganized loosely attached: Slime layer
Acts as barrier to toxic hydrophobic molecules
enables adherence to other bacteria
44
Flagellum
Basal body, engine
45
Chemotaxis
Directed movement of an organism in response to a certian chemical in the environment.. Towards or away
46
Pili/Fimbriae
All Gram negative
Shaft composed of pilin( proteins)
Conjugation ( transfer of DNA)
Fimbriae- Promote attachment to other bac and host
47
Cell wall formation
NAG and NAM Alternating 10-65 rows
48
NAM
N-Acetylmuramic Acid
Peptide chains are attached forming 3D mesh like layer
Can be crossed linked ( Gram +)
49
Gram positive Cell Wall
```
thick
Lipoteichoic acid ata surce
Teichoic acid in cytoplasmic membrane
Binds Mg and NA
Involes surface antigens in adherence
```
50
Gram Negitive Cell Wall
Thin
Outter Membrane
NO teichoic acid
Peptidoglycan is bounded to lipoproteins in the outer membrane
51
Out membrane of gram neg
Lipopolysaccharides ( LPS)
Lipoproteins
Phospholiids
Porin Proteins
52
LPS Componets
Lipid A
Core Polysaccharide
O Antigen
53
Lipid A
in LPS
Basic component
REsponsible for endotoxin activity
54
Core Polysacccharide
In LPS
Branched polysaccharide of 9-12 sugars
Structural role
55
O antigen
50-100 repeating saccharide units
Alllows serotype disinctions
Varies
56
Mycoplasma
No cell wall
Plasma membrane contains lipids- sterols
Pro exception
57
Archea
Lacks Cell wall
Or composed of poly and protins
No peptidoglycan instread they have pesudomurein
(Pro Exceptions)
58
Cytoplasmic membrane functions
Selectove semi-permeablivly
Breakdown of nutrients
Production of ATP
59
Cytoplasm
Contians Proteins, Carbs, lipis, ions and low MW compounds
| Major structures: Nucleoid, plasmids, Ribosomes, reserve deosites ( inclusions)
60
Nucleoid
long single molecule of double stranded helical supercoiled DNA
Represents the bac genome
61
Plasmids
Double stranded helical non chromosomal DNA
| Code for synthesis proteins
62
two complexes of Ribosome
70s in prok ( 30+50)
80S in eu ( 60+40)
RNA nd proteins
Two subunits combine during protein synthesis
63
Inclusions
reserve deposits
Starch glycogen lipids sulfer phosphate
store up extra nutrients for when it is in short supply
Gas vacuoles maintain buoyancy
64
Endospores
Most resistnat life form known
| Resistant structures formed by G+
65
Eukaryotes
DNA in cucleus
Membrane bound organells
Mitosis&Meiosis
66
ER
Flattened membranous Sacs
| Rough ER&smooth ER
67
Rough ER
Sythesis of secretory proteins and membrane molecules
| Outer surface is filled with ribosomes
68
Smooth ER
NO Ribosomes
| Synthesis of phosohplipds, fats, steroids
69
Golgi Complex
within Rough ER
| Transporting protein
70
Mitochondria
double membrnae
| &0s ribosomes & some DNA
71
Chloroplasts
ChlorohpyII
| 70S
72
Glycolysis
```
Anaerobic
Needs: 2 ATP
Production of 4 ATP and 2 NADH/Glucose
Gain: 2ATP
Produces 2 NADH
```
73
Krebs cycle
Pyruvate converts into CoA
2 ATP
6NADH
2FASH2
74
Aerobic
Finial electron acceptor is an O2
| 38 ATP produce
75
Anaerobic
Finial electron acceptor is an inorganic molecules other then O2
38 ATP Produce
76
Anaerobic respiration examples
NO3-: Bacillus & Pseudomonas
| SO42-: Desulfovibrio
77
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
```
Alternate to glycolysis
Break down 5 carbon sugars
produce 1 ATP
USed by B.Subtilis
E.coli
E.Faecalis
```
78
organisum that use pentose phosphate pathway
B. Subtilis
E.Coli
E. Faecalis
79
Entner Doudoroff Pathway
```
Alternate to glycolysis
Metabolize flucoses without either glycolysis or pentose phsophate
1 ATP produce
Used in Hisobium
Pseudomonas
Agrobacterium
```
80
Fermentation
Releases energy from sugars or other organic molecules
No Oxygen
No Kreb/ETC
81
Lipid CAtabolism
Lipids ( Fats) two paths
1. Glycerol-Glycolysis-Krebs
1. Lipase-Fatty ACid-Acetyl CoA ( No glycoses)-Krebs
82
Protein Catabolism
```
Proteins-Proteases/peptidase-Amino Acids
( Three ways)
1. Dehydrogenation
2. Decarboxylation
3. Deamination-Kreb Cycle
```
83
Light Dependent Reaction
Light Energry convert ADP to ATP
Convertion of NADP to NADPH
Chlorophyll A absorbs energy from the light in plants algae and cyanobactria
Bacteriocholorophlls ysed in purple sulfur & Green sulfur bac
84
Chlorophyll A
Absorbs energy from the light in algae, plants, and cyanobactria
85
Bacteriochlorophylls
absorbs energy from light in purple sulfur and green sulfur bac
86
light independent reactions
dark reactions
| Calvin cycle to synthesize sugars
87
How Bacteria replicate
Binary Fission
| One bac slipts into two
88
Generation time
```
time it takes for a population to double in size
Nt=N0 (x) 2^2
Nt-Population at given time
No-originial
N- divisions
```
89
What influences bacterial growth
Physical: Temp,pH, Osmotic pressure
Chem: Carbon,Energy sources, o2, n2, sulfur, phosphorus, water, K,Mg,CA, trace elements, organic growth factors
90
Psychrophilies
Cold loving bac.. Oceans depths, polar
- 5 - 15C
ex. H.Globosa
91
H.globosa
Psychrophilies
92
Psychrotrophs
20-30C
Erqinia
Actetobacter
Lactobacillus
93
Actetobacter
Psychrotrophs
| Major role in food spoilage
94
membrane of psychrophilis and psychrotrophs
lipids are pliable at lower temp
membrane is more fluid
Works better at lower temps or membrane would semi froz stopping all chemical reactions
95
Mesophiles
```
Moderate temps
25-45C
Most bac
common in soil/body
Ex. E.coli, S.areus,B.cereus
```
96
E.coli
Mesophiles
97
S.aureus
Mesophils
98
B.cerus
Mesophiles
99
Thermophiles
Higher Temps
Found in hot springs, compost
T.thermophilus
100
T. thermophilus
Thermophiles
101
Hyperthermophiels
```
Grow at very high temps
70-100C
Archae
ocean
Ex. P.Furiosus
```
102
P. furiosus
Hyperthermophiles
103
Neutrophiles
pH5-8
104
Acidophiles
pH below 5.5
Pumps protons out
L.acidophilus
A. thiooxidans
105
L. Acidophilus
Acidophiles
106
A. thiooidans
Acidophiles
107
Alkaliphiles
pH above 8.5
Brings protons in
P. Alcaliphila
108
P. Alcaliphila
Alkaliphiles
109
obligate halophiles
require high salt concentration for growth
110
Facultative halophiles
tolerate up to 2% salt, but don't need it
111
Autotrophs
require only carbons dioxide as a carbon dource
| Green plants
112
Heterotrophs
REquire organic forms of carbons
Cant synthesize from inorganic nutrients
obtain energry by breaking down substanceeatten
All animals and most microorganisms
113
Phototrophs
Light as primary energy source
114
Chemotrophs
Use oxidation and reduction of chem compounds as primary energy source
Animals fugi and most bac
115
Photoautotrophs
light and co2 as main carbon source
| Transforms co2 and water into carbs and oxygen through photosynthesis
116
Photoheterotrophs
light as energy but cant convert co2 into enrergry
Use organic compounds as carbon source
Green nonsulur bac and purple nonsulfur bac
117
Chemoautotrophs
inorganic componds ( Sulfer, NH3, H2, Hs< FE) as energy source and CO2 as main carbon source
118
chemoheterotrophs
organic compunds as both an energy source and a carbon source
Most bac, protozonas , fungi, animals
119
Obligate Aerobes
grow ONLY in the presence of oxygen
aerobic respiration
38 molecules of ATP generated
Catalase and superoxide dismutase ( SOD) neutralze toxic forms of oxygen
120
Catalase and superoxide dismutase
Neutralize toxic forms of oxygen
121
Microaerophiles
require low concetration of oxygen for growth
inhibited growth at high concentration
aerobic respiration
Catal & SOD neutralize toxic forms of oxygen
122
Superoxide Dismutase
O2 + 02 + 2H =--> H2O2 +O2
| superoxide radicals) (Hydr. Peroxide
123
Catalase
2H2o2 ----> 2H2O + O2
124
Obligate Anaerobes
Grow only in the absence of oxygen
Anaerobic respiration or fermentation
Lacks Catalase and SOD
125
Aerotolerant anaerobes
CANT use oxygen
Can grow in its presence
Fermentation and obligate fermentation
SOD presence
126
Facultative anaerobes
Grow w. or w.out oxygen better with oxygen
Aerobic respiration ( O2 presents)
Fermentation/Anaerobic ( No O2)
Most Bac
127
Nitrogen
Needed for synthesis of amino acids, SNA, RNA, and ATP
128
Sulfur
Needed to synthesize sulfur containing amino acids ( Cysteine and methionine and certin vitamines
129
Phosphorus
Needed to synthesize phospholipis, DNA, RNA and ATP
130
WAter
Universal solvent
131
Enzyme function what is needed?
K,Mg, CA
132
Trace elements
function as cofactors in enzyme reation
needed in low amounts
Na zn cu mo mn co
133
Organic growth factors
essential organic compunds a microorganism is unable to synthesize
AA puriens pyrimidines vitamins
