Exam 1

Question 1

When does fertilization occur?

Answer 1

When the nucleus of the sperm and ovum unite

Question 2

What is the first component of fertilization?

Answer 2

Preparation

Question 3

How long is sperm viable?

Answer 3

Viable for 48 to 72 hours. Highly viable for 24hr

Question 4

What is a fertilized egg referred to as?

Answer 4

Zygote

Question 5

When is the sex of a zygote determined?

Answer 5

At the moment of fertalization

Question 6

What is the 23rd chromosome?

Answer 6

sex chromosome

Question 7

First step of Cell multiplication after fertilization

Answer 7

Rapid Mitotic division-cleavage “Me too” carbon copy

Question 8

Morula

Answer 8

Blastomere grows to a morula-solid ball of 12 to 16 cells

Question 9

How does the morula divide?

Answer 9

Divides into a solid mass- BLASTOCYST surrounded by outer layer of cells TROPHOBLAST

Question 10

Trophoblast develops into…

Answer 10

Placenta & Chorion

Question 11

When does implantation occur?

Answer 11

7 to 10 days

Question 12

Where does the journey of the fertilized ovum occur?

Answer 12

In the distal 1/3 of the fallopian tube

Question 13

Women are usually only fertile…

Answer 13

6-24 hours/cycle

Question 14

How long does it take for the fertilized egg to reach the uterus?

Answer 14

3 to 4 day journey

Question 15

Where in the uterus does implantation occur?

Answer 15

Upper most posterior of uterus. Endometrium now referred to as decidua

Question 16

Blastocyst divides into what 2 parts?

Answer 16

Outer-TROPHOBLAST, Inner-EMBRYOBLAST

Question 17

What does the Embryoblast develop into?

Answer 17

The embryo and Amnion

Question 18

What does the trophoblast contain?

Answer 18

Chorionic villi that attach to the decidua

Question 19

T/F…There is direct contact between the blood of the fetus and mother

Answer 19

FALSE-placental barrier

Question 20

Placental barrier

Answer 20

• Serves as a pass through
• O2 & nutrients
• Carbon dioxide and waste products
• Interchanged through diffusion
• Almost everything ingested passes through-teratogens

Question 21

Fraternal twins are also referred to as…

Answer 21

dizygotic

Question 22

Fraternal twins

Answer 22

• Arise from 2 separate ova fertilized by 2 separate spermatozoa
• 2 placentas, 2 chorions, 2 amnions
• Sometimes placentas fuse and appear to be one
• Not similar-like 2 siblings
• May be same or different sex

Question 23

Identical twins

Answer 23

• Develop froma single fertilized ovum
• Monozygosity
• Same sex; same genotype
• Usually same placenta

Question 24

Cell Differentiation 10 to 14 days

Answer 24

Blastocyst differentiates into 2 primary germ layers-ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. All body tissues, organs, organ systems are developed from these germ layers

Question 25

When is amniotic fluid created?

Answer 25

When amnion and chorion grow and connect forming amnitic sac to produce fluid

Question 26

What does amniotic fluid consist of?

Answer 26

* 98% water * 2% organic matter * Fluid from maternal blodd across the amnion and fetal urine * **Volumes vary-usually 1 liter by term

Question 27

Functions of amniotic fluid

Answer 27

* Provides protection from trauma * Symmetrical growth and development * Constant body temperature * Decreases umbilical cord compression * Promotes musculoskeletal growth

Question 28

Umbilical cord development...

Answer 28

* Develops from amnion. * Fuses with embryonic portion of placenta. * Provides a pathway from chorionic villi to embryo

Question 29

What does the umbilical cord contain?

Answer 29

2 arteries and 1 vein surrounded by Wharton's Jelly for protection

Question 30

What is the function of the umbilical cord?

Answer 30

provides circulatory pathway to embryo

Question 31

When does placental development occur?

Answer 31

* Begins at 3rd week of embryonic development * Develops from trophoblast * Trophoblast attaches to uterine wall

Question 32

Placental function

Answer 32

*Metabolic and nutrient exchange between embryonic and maternal circulations

Question 33

What are the two parts of the placenta?

Answer 33

1. Maternal: "dirty duncan" | 2. Fetal: "shiny shultz"

Question 34

What part of the body assumes the role of the placenta until the placenta is well developed?

Answer 34

Corpus luteum

Question 35

What does the maternal portion of the placenta consit of?

Answer 35

deciduas basalis and its circulation. Appears red and flesh-like

Question 36

What does the fetal sid eof the placenta consist of?

Answer 36

chorionic villi and their circulation. Fetal surface is covered by the amnion and appears shiny and gray

Question 37

Placental functions

Answer 37

1. Endocrine: produces hormones 2. Nutrition: supplies nutrients 3. Respiratory: supplies O2 & removes CO2 4. Renal: removes wastes

Question 38

Fetal Growth and Development: | 4 weeks

Answer 38

* Brain formed from anterior neural tube * Limb buds seen * Heart beats * GI system begins

Question 39

Fetal Growth and Development: | 6 weeks

Answer 39

* Respiratory system begins * Primitive skeletal shape * Chambers in heart * Ear formation begins

Question 40

Fetal Growth and Development: | 12 weeks

Answer 40

* Ossification of skeleton begins * Liver produces red cells * Thyroid hormone present * Insuin present in pancreas * Palate complete in mouth * skin pink

Question 41

Fetal Growth and Development: | 16 weeks

Answer 41

* Meconium begins to collect in intestines * Teeth begin to form * Kidneys assume shape * Hair present on scalp

Question 42

Fetal Growth and Development: | 20 weeks

Answer 42

* **Point of viability*** * Suck and swallow begins * Lanugo covers body * Vernix begins to protect the body * Myelination of spinal cord begins

Question 43

Fetal Growth and Development: | 24 weeks

Answer 43

* Respiration and surfactant production begins | * brain appears mature

Question 44

Fetal Growth and Development | 28 weeks

Answer 44

* eyes are open * nervous system begins regulation of some functions * Adipose tissue accumulates * Nails, eyebrows, and eyelids present

Question 45

Fetal Growth and Development: | 36 weeks

Answer 45

* Few sole creases | * Earlobes soft with little cartilage

Question 46

Fetal Growth and Development: | 40 weeks

Answer 46

* Adequate surfactant * Earlobes firm * Vernix in skin folds and lanugo on shoulders * sex apparent * Hair on head is coarse and about 1 in long

Question 47

When is an embryo referred to as a fetus?

Answer 47

9 weeks gestation

Question 48

Normal Fetal Heart Rate range

Answer 48

120-160

Question 49

What does an increased hematocrit indicate?

Answer 49

severe dehydration

Question 50

What is the potassium level?

Answer 50

3.5 to 5.3