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Exam 1 Flashcards

Weeks 1 and 2 (87 cards)

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1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The study of body structure

Anatomy focuses on the physical organization of the body and its systems.

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

The study of body parts and how they interact with one another

Physiology examines the functions of anatomical structures.

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3
Q

Define Anatomical Position.

A

Subject faces the observer while standing erect, with arms at both sides, palms facing forward, and feet flat on the floor.

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4
Q

What does the axial region of the body include?

A

Core of body, includes:
* Cephalic (head)
* Cervical (neck)
* Thoracic (chest)
* Abdominal (belly)
* Pelvic (hip)
* Pubic (groin)
* Nuchal (back of neck)

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5
Q

What does the appendicular region of the body include?

A

Upper and lower appendages, including:
* Axillary (armpit)
* Brachial (upper arm)
* Antecubital (front of the elbow)
* Antebrachial (forearm)
* Carpal (wrist)
* Palmar (palm)
* Pollex (thumb)
* Digital or phalangeal (fingers)
* Femoral (thigh)
* Patellar (anterior surface of the knee)
* Crural (leg)
* Pedal (foot)
* Metatarsal/tarsal (ankle)

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6
Q

What is the term for ‘toward the front or belly’?

A

Ventral

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7
Q

What is the term for ‘toward the back or spine’?

A

Dorsal

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8
Q

What is the difference between anterior and posterior?

A

Anterior - Toward the ventral side
Posterior - Toward the dorsal side

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9
Q

What is the dorsal cavity?

A

Contains both the cranial and vertebral cavities

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10
Q

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

A

Contains the heart and lungs, including:
* Pericardial cavity (surrounds the heart)
* Pleural cavities (surround each lung)

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11
Q

What is the abdominal cavity?

A

Contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver

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12
Q

What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants?

A
  • Right Upper quadrant
  • Left Upper quadrant
  • Right Lower quadrant
  • Left Lower quadrant
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13
Q

What are the nine abdominopelvic regions?

A
  • Right hypochondriac region
  • Epigastric region
  • Left hypochondriac region
  • Right lumbar region
  • Umbilical region
  • Left lumbar region
  • Right iliac (inguinal) region
  • Hypogastric (pubic) region
  • Left iliac (inguinal) region
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14
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

A plane that runs horizontally, separating the body into superior and inferior portions.

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15
Q

What is the midsagittal plane?

A

A sagittal plane that runs perfectly down the midline of the body, dividing it into equal left and right portions.

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16
Q

List the levels of organization from smallest to largest.

A
  • Atoms
  • Molecules
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ systems
  • Organism
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17
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The process of all organ systems working to keep the internal environment constant and stable.

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18
Q

Define regulated variable.

A

A variable that is sensed via sensors and must be kept within a certain acceptable range.

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19
Q

What is a sensor in feedback mechanisms?

A

Monitors and detects changes in the environment and sends sensory information to the control center.

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20
Q

What is the primary mechanism for homeostatic regulation?

A

Negative Feedback

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21
Q

What is the definition of an element?

A

A form of matter that cannot be broken down any further by chemical reactions.

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22
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest particle of an element that still has the properties of that element.

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23
Q

What are the three main types of chemical bonding?

A
  • Ionic bonding
  • Covalent bonding
  • Metallic bonding
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24
Q

What is a solution?

A

A homogenous mixture of two or more substances where components cannot be distinguished visually.

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25
Define acid.
A species that donates an H+ ion.
26
What is the pH scale range?
0 to 14
27
What does organic chemistry study?
The study of carbon-based structures.
28
What are monomers?
Small molecular building blocks that can exist alone or link to form polymers.
29
What is hydrolysis?
The breaking down of organic molecules through the insertion of water.
30
What is dehydration?
The building of organic molecules, often resulting in the formation of water.
31
What are the building blocks of polymers?
Monosaccharides, Amino Acids, Nucleotides ## Footnote These are the basic units that combine to form larger molecules.
32
Define a polymer.
A large molecule constructed from many small molecules ## Footnote Polymers are formed through a process called polymerization.
33
What is hydrolysis?
Breaking down of organic molecules ## Footnote Involves the insertion of water into an organic functional group.
34
What is dehydration synthesis?
The use of water synthesis to create new bonds ## Footnote Important in the formation of compounds in the body.
35
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
Source of energy ## Footnote Carbohydrates are essential for cellular respiration.
36
What are monosaccharides?
Simple sugars with an unbranched chain of 3-8 carbon atoms ## Footnote Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
37
Define disaccharides.
Two monosaccharides joined together ## Footnote Common examples are sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
38
What are polysaccharides?
Complex carbohydrates formed from many monosaccharides ## Footnote Examples include starch and cellulose.
39
What types of starch are there?
Amylose and amylopectin ## Footnote Both are forms of starch found in plants.
40
What is the structure of cellulose?
Made of glucose molecules linked with each glucose rotated 180 degrees ## Footnote This structure makes cellulose stable and indigestible for humans.
41
What are lipids primarily made of?
Hydrocarbons (carbons and hydrogens) ## Footnote They are insoluble in water and serve multiple biological functions.
42
What are fatty acids?
Long hydrocarbon chains attached to a carboxylic acid group ## Footnote The carboxylic acid group is soluble in water, but the hydrocarbon chain is not.
43
What is a triglyceride?
Made of three fatty acids bound to a glycerol molecule ## Footnote They are important for energy storage and insulation.
44
What are steroids?
Lipids with a distinctive ring structure ## Footnote Examples include cholesterol and hormones.
45
What is the phospholipid bilayer?
A barrier created by lipids between extracellular and intracellular water ## Footnote It is essential for cell membrane structure.
46
What distinguishes saturated fats?
Carbon chain is full of hydrogen atoms and mostly single bonds ## Footnote They are solid at room temperature.
47
What are unsaturated fats?
Fats with one or more double bonds between carbons ## Footnote They are usually soft or liquid at room temperature.
48
What are nucleic acids?
Biomolecules that pass genetic code to future generations ## Footnote Built from nucleotides.
49
What are the components of a nucleotide?
Nitrogenous base, five-carbon sugar, phosphate group ## Footnote Examples of nitrogenous bases include adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil.
50
What is the function of DNA?
Carries genetic code ## Footnote Contains genes responsible for making proteins.
51
What is mRNA?
Messenger RNA that transfers gene code out of the nucleus ## Footnote It plays a crucial role in protein synthesis.
52
What defines complete proteins?
Contain all essential amino acids ## Footnote Typically found in animal-based proteins.
53
What are amino acids?
Building blocks of proteins with amino and carboxylic acid groups ## Footnote There are 20 different amino acids used in protein synthesis.
54
What is a dipeptide?
A chain of two amino acids ## Footnote Formed by the linkage of amino acids through peptide bonds.
55
What is the primary protein structure?
Order of amino acids held together by peptide bonds ## Footnote This sequence determines the protein's properties.
56
What are the three common types of secondary protein structures?
Alpha helix, beta-pleated sheet, triple helix ## Footnote Each has a distinct shape and bonding pattern.
57
What is tertiary structure in proteins?
3-D structure formed by attractions and repulsions between side-chain groups ## Footnote This structure is crucial for protein function.
58
What is quaternary structure?
Made of subunits of polypeptide chains interacting together ## Footnote This structure is important for the function of multi-subunit proteins.
59
60
Where are the lungs located?
Within the pleural cavities ## Footnote The pleural cavities are the spaces surrounding each lung.
61
What plane divides the body into right and left sides?
Sagittal plane ## Footnote The sagittal plane runs lengthwise front to back.
62
What position is a person in when standing with arms at sides and palms forward?
Anatomical position ## Footnote This position also includes the head and feet pointing forward.
63
What does the medical term 'caudal' mean?
Pertaining to the tail
64
What is the imaginary line dividing the body into equal right and left halves called?
Midsagittal plane
65
What is the navel also known as?
Umbilicus
66
What is the term for inflammation of the cartilage of the ribs?
Costochondritis
67
True or False: The neck bones are the sacral vertebrae.
False ## Footnote The cervical spine (C1 to C7) and the hyoid bone make up the bones of the neck.
68
Which term relates to the breastbone?
Sternal
69
Which term relates to the wrist?
Carpal
70
What is the study of tissue called?
Histology
71
Which term relates to the lower back?
Lumbar
72
Which term relates to the thigh?
Femoral
73
What is the monomer of DNA?
Nucleotides
74
What does 'bio' mean and what does 'logy' mean?
'Bio' means life and 'logy' means study of
75
What is the study of living organisms known as?
Biology
76
Adding hydroxyl oxide (OH-) to a solution would make the solution’s pH more _______.
Alkalotic
77
By lowering the energy of activation, _________ facilitate chemical reactions.
Enzymes
78
What is CO2 classified as?
An acidic molecule
79
What is the name of the sugar found in RNA?
Ribose
80
Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and _______.
Sterols
81
The __________ equals the number of protons of an element.
Atomic number
82
True or False: A complete protein contains an adequate amount of each of the nine essential amino acids; plants are an excellent source of these proteins.
False
83
Which of the following is not an example of a polysaccharide? Fructose or Starch?
Fructose
84
According to base pairing rules, adenine binds with thymine and cytosine binds with guanine. True or False?
True
85
True or False: Neuroglycopenic symptoms become evident when hypoglycemia occurs.
True
86
What hormone is released from alpha cells of the pancreas to increase blood glucose levels?
Glucagon
87
What process does glucagon direct liver cells to start?
Glycogenosis

A&P 1 (1 decks)

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