Exam 1

Question 2

What is the importance of proper specimen collection techniques and labeling?

Answer 2

Facilitates specimen processing and helps in proper diagnosis and treatment

Errors may occur; use clinical judgment

Question 3

What percentage of total errors do preanalytical variables account for?

Answer 3

46-68%

Includes factors like wrong patient identification, contamination, and specimen integrity errors

Question 4

Define sensitivity in the context of diagnostic testing.

Answer 4

Ability of a test to identify most people with the condition (true positives)

Often referred to as SNOUT (Sensitive tests rule OUT)

Question 5

Define specificity in the context of diagnostic testing.

Answer 5

Ability of a test to identify most people who do not have the condition (true negatives)

Often referred to as SPIN (Specific tests rule IN)

Question 6

What is positive predictive value (PPV)?

Answer 6

Chance that someone with a positive result actually has the disease

Question 7

What is negative predictive value (NPV)?

Answer 7

Chance that someone with a negative result does not have the disease

Question 8

What are the various methods of urine specimen collection?

Answer 8

• Random specimen
• First morning sample
• Timed specimen
• 24-hour specimen
• Midstream clean-catch
• Catheter collection
• Suprapubic aspiration

Question 9

What are the types of blood specimen collection?

Answer 9

• Capillary
• Venous
• Cultures

Question 10

What is the role of anticoagulants in specimen preservation?

Answer 10

Prevent blood from clotting, allowing for plasma collection

Includes substances like heparin

Question 11

What are the essentials of Universal Precautions in laboratory work?

Answer 11

• Hand hygiene
• Correct PPE
• Safe sharps handling
• Disinfecting high traffic areas
• Treating all specimens as infectious

Question 12

How does hand washing contribute to infection control?

Answer 12

Minimizes contamination and spread of infections

Performed before and after each patient interaction

Question 13

What are the goals when obtaining laboratory specimens?

Answer 13

• Know the best collection method
• Understand clinical values
• Be consistent

Question 14

What is the appropriate lens power for viewing blood and urine under a microscope?

Answer 14

• 10x for general view
• 40x for more specific details
• 100x for morphological details

Question 15

What types of specimens are collected to diagnose bacterial infections?

Answer 15

• Blood
• Urine
• Mucus
• CSF
• Stool
• Skin

Question 16

What does a fecal occult blood test detect?

Answer 16

Presence of heme in the stool

Question 17

What factors can interfere with occult blood testing?

Answer 17

• Red meat
• Alcohol
• NSAIDs
• Corticosteroids
• Iodine
• Vitamin C

Question 18

What are the structural differences between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria?

Answer 18

• Gram-negative: Thinner peptidoglycan layer, additional outer membrane, porins, lipopolysaccharides
• Gram-positive: Thick peptidoglycan layer with acid cross-linkages

Question 19

Define minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).

Answer 19

Minimum concentration of antibiotic needed to inhibit visible growth of microbial

Question 20

Define minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).

Answer 20

Minimum concentration of antibiotic needed to kill the microbial

Question 21

What factors should be considered if a patient fails to respond to an antibiotic?

Answer 21

• Medical history
• Correct dosage
• Culture results

Question 22

What are the normal range critical values for Sodium (Na+)?

Answer 22

135-145 mmol/L

Question 23

What does hyperkalemia indicate?

Answer 23

Excessive potassium levels (> 5.0 mmol/L)

Often due to kidney disease

Question 24

What is the significance of albumin in serum tests?

Answer 24

Major protein in blood, critical for fluid homeostasis and transport

Question 25

What does a high Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) level indicate?

Answer 25

Possible issue with kidney function

Question 26

What is the normal range for creatinine?

Answer 26

0.6-1.5 mg/dL

Question 27

What is the clinical significance of hemoglobin A1C?

Answer 27

Percentage of hemoglobin with sugar attached; used to diagnose diabetes

Question 28

What is the normal range of protein in blood?

Answer 28

3.0-5.5 g/dL

Question 29

What does protein in blood indicate?

Answer 29

Insight into renal and liver function

Question 30

What is hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 30

Force pushing water out of blood vessels

Question 31

What is oncotic pressure?

Answer 31

Force pulling water into blood vessels

Question 32

What is transudate?

Answer 32

Fluid with hydrostatic pressure greater than oncotic pressure

Question 33

What causes transudate?

Answer 33

Low albumin content

Question 34

What is exudate?

Answer 34

Fluid with proteins leaked to interstitial space

Question 35

What does protein electrophoresis do?

Answer 35

Quantifies serum proteins through separation based on charge

Question 36

What are cardiac markers?

Answer 36

Indicators elevated after tissue death, e.g., troponin and CK/MB

Question 37

What are hepatic function tests used for?

Answer 37

To assess liver function in making and clearing substances

Question 38

What is bilirubin and its normal range?

Answer 38

Byproduct of RBC breakdown; 0-1.5 mg/dL

Question 39

What is ammonia a product of?

Answer 39

Breakdown of amino acids

Question 40

What do coagulation studies assess?

Answer 40

Liver synthesis of coagulation factors

Question 41

What is the normal range for AST?

Answer 41

0-45 IU/L

Question 42

What does an increased AST/ALT ratio indicate?

Answer 42

Liver damage

Question 43

What is the normal range for ALT?

Answer 43

0-50 IU/L

Question 44

What does ALP indicate?

Answer 44

Blockage in bile ducts

Question 45

What is the role of lipoproteins?

Answer 45

Help maintain cholesterol homeostasis

Question 46

What is the desirable range for cholesterol?

Answer 46

<200 mg/dL

Question 47

What does TSH indicate in thyroid function tests?

Answer 47

Hypothyroidism = high TSH; Hyperthyroidism = low TSH

Question 48

What are symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Answer 48

AMS, nausea, muscle spasms

Question 49

What are symptoms of hyperglycemia?

Answer 49

Excessive thirst, urination, hunger, blurred vision

Question 50

What does anion gap measure?

Answer 50

Cations - anions

Question 51

What does an increased anion gap indicate?

Answer 51

Blood is more acidic

Question 52

What regulates bicarbonate in the body?

Answer 52

Kidneys

Question 53

What is the normal pH range of blood?

Answer 53

7.34-7.44

Question 54

What are the major serum electrolytes?

Answer 54

*Sodium *Potassium *Chloride *Bicarbonate

Question 55

What are the minor serum electrolytes?

Answer 55

*Magnesium *Calcium *Phosphorous

Question 56

What is the normal range for serum creatinine?

Answer 56

0.5-1.6

Question 57

What is the significance of urine clarity?

Answer 57

Indicates possible infections or presence of cells

Question 58

What indicates proteinuria?

Answer 58

Excess protein in urine

Question 59

What is the definition of hematuria?

Answer 59

Presence of RBCs in urine

Question 60

What do nitrites in urine indicate?

Answer 60

Urinary tract infection

Question 61

What does the presence of leukocyte esterase in urine suggest?

Answer 61

Infection

Question 62

What does bilirubin in urine indicate?

Answer 62

Liver issues

Question 63

What do ketone bodies in urine indicate?

Answer 63

Insufficient carbohydrate intake

Question 64

What does glucose in urine suggest?

Answer 64

Diabetes mellitus

Question 65

What are the physical properties of urine?

Answer 65

*Volume *Color *Clarity *Odor *Specific gravity

Question 66

What is the normal volume of urine per day?

Answer 66

1.2 to 1.5L

Question 67

What do casts in urine indicate?

Answer 67

Clinically important; indicate renal pathology

Question 68

What is the significance of white blood cells in urine?

Answer 68

Indicates inflammation or infection

Question 69

What is the significance of epithelial cells in urine?

Answer 69

Indicates possible renal damage

Question 70

What are the normal ranges for urine pH?

Answer 70

5-7

Question 71

What are the criteria for proteinuria classification?

Answer 71

*Minimal: <1 G *Moderate: 1-3 G *Large: 3-4 G *Massive >4 G

Question 72

What can cause false negatives in urine tests?

Answer 72

High doses of vitamin C

Question 73

What can cause false positives in urine tests?

Answer 73

Menstruation

Question 74

What type of cells are indicated as BAD in renal tubular epithelial cells?

Answer 74

Renal tubular epithelial cells ## Footnote Indicates potential pathology in urine analysis

Question 75

What microorganisms are noted to be absent in the urinary sediment?

Answer 75

Bacteria and Yeast ## Footnote Indicates a potential normal finding in urinalysis

Question 76

What is present in males according to the urinary findings?

Answer 76

Sperm ## Footnote Relevant for assessing male reproductive health

Question 77

What should be correlated with clinical importance in urinary sediment?

Answer 77

Presence of selected elements ## Footnote Important for diagnosis and treatment decisions

Question 78

What is the primary focus when analyzing case studies in relation to urinary findings?

Answer 78

Relevance of urinary findings to clinical condition ## Footnote Essential for clinical correlation and patient management

Question 79

What is essential for appropriate use of a microscope in urinalysis?

Answer 79

Determining appropriate lens power ## Footnote Necessary to view blood, urine, and microorganisms effectively

Question 80

How are urinalysis laboratory values related to clinical conditions?

Answer 80

They provide insight into patient health ## Footnote Critical for diagnosis and monitoring of diseases

Question 81

List factors that might result in a specimen being rejected by the laboratory as 'unacceptable'.

Answer 81

* Urine degradation * 30 minutes at room temp * 8 hours in refrigerator ## Footnote Ensures accuracy of test results