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1
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CHAPTER 16
CARDS 1 - 32

State functions of endocrine system

A

Maintain homeostasis
Maintain thermoregulation
Secrete hormones
Maintain growth
Maintain hydration
Regulate stress response
Regulate labor and contraction
Regulate sexual reproduction (ovulation, sperm production, ovary egg protection, formaiton of testosterone, produce and eject breast milk)
Support immune system function

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2
Q

Name endocrine glands

A

Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Arenal gland
Pituitary gland

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3
Q

Define difference b/w endocrine glands and organs

A

Endocrine glands = secretes hormones for endocrine system
Endocrine organs = secretes hormones for other body systems

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4
Q

Define a hormone

A

Mediator cell in endocrine system that changes the function of a target cell

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5
Q

Classify hormones based on structure

A

Protein hormone:
- water soluble, free, hydrophilic hormone
- made of amino acid protein
Steroid hormone:
- water INsoluble, bound, hydrophobic hormone
- made of lipid, specifically cholesterol

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6
Q

Explain functions of lipid soluble and water solubnle hormones on their target cells. Mention the difference

A

Protein/water soluble hormone:
- dissolve in water so enter the blood stream freely, goes to the heart, pumped into the body, and eventually reaches target cell
Steroid/ lipid soluble hormone:
- cannot dissolve in water so it has a carrier that helps it move via bloodstream to the heart, then pumped throughout body, & eventually reaches target cell

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7
Q

Define target cell

A

The cell that has a specific receptor that a hormone will attach to– the hormone attaches to its specific target cell by binding to the receptor and the function of the target cell will change to that of the hormone

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8
Q

Mention location of receptors of lipid soluble and water-soluble hormones. What is difference? Why?

A

**target cells are mader of a plasma membrane that is a phospholipid bilayer
Water-Soluble Hormone Location:
- since water does not dissolve in lipids, the receptor for water soluble hormones are on the surface of the target cell where the hormone attaches + its hydrophilic and likes being near water on the outside
Lipid-Soluble Hormone Location:
- since the carrier is soluble in the phosopholipid bilayer, it dissolves in the lipid and the receptor is inside the target cell in the cytosol (intracellular receptor) where the hormone will attach

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9
Q

Define first messenger and second messenger in the function of water-soluble hormones?

A

Only water soluble hormones have first and second messenger
1st messenger:
- the protein attaching to the hormone
2nd messenger:
- cAMP = second messenger
- triggered by the first messenger
- converts ATP to cAMP (goes from 3 phosphates to 1)
- the job of cAMP is to change the function of the target cell

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10
Q

Name and briefly explain the hormone interactions

A

Hormonal control
- hormone controlling secretion of another hormone
Humoral control
- substance in the blood controlling secretion of another hormone
Neural control
- the nervous system controlling secretion of another hormone

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11
Q

Name the most important endocrine organ which is a connection b/wthe endocrine and nervous system. What is the importance?

A

Hypothalamus
Importance: communicates directly with the anterior pituitary gland to make many hormones and help maintain homeostasis

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12
Q

Name the 2 parts of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary gland

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13
Q

Name the hormones of anterior pituitary. For each hormone mention: origin, releasing, and inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus (if any), target organ and function

A

GH
- release: GHRH
- inhibit: GHIH
- target organ: bones and muscles
- function: help body grow during puberty till u reach adult height
PRL
- release: RRH
- inhibit: RIH
- target organ: breasts
- function: makes milk
TSH
- release: TRH
- target organ: thyroid gland
- function: make T3 and T4
AcTH
- release: cRH
- target organ: adrenal gland
- function: make cortisol
FSH
- release: GnRH
- target organ: testes and ovaries
- function: make sperm and sac protecting egg
LH
- release: GnRH
- target organ: testes and ovaries
- function: make testosterone and have ovulation occur

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14
Q

Define negative feedback, which hormones from anterior pituitary use this system?

A

Occurs when there’s no inhibitory hormone for a hormone
Excess hormones produced go to ant pit gland to stop hormone secretion then to hypothal to stop secretion of growth hormone

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15
Q

Name the hormones from antiutitary pituitary which are tropic hormones

A

Tropic hormones: hormones controlling other hormones– more specifically going to anterior pituitary gland to secrete the hormones
GH and PRL

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16
Q

Name hormones from posterior pituitary then mention the functions and target organs

A

**usually post pit gland just stores hormones but it secretes only 2
ADH
- target organs: kidneys
- function: helps manage dehydration– itll decide whether not to make urine depending on how if hydrated or dehydrates
Oxytocin
- target organs: uterus and muscles around breasts
- function: make contractions during labor & ejects milk post labor

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17
Q

Name the hormones from thyroid gland and mention their functions

A

T3 and T4
Help with maintaining metabolism
Thermoregulation
Brain/nervous system development

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18
Q

Name the cells which make T3 and T4

A

Follicular cells make T3 and T4

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19
Q

Name the mineral needed for synthesis of T3 and T4

A

The follicular cells (the cells surrounding cell wall of collide) use the iodine in the collide to make T3 and T4

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20
Q

Explain the control of thyroid hormones secretion

A

TRH and TSH in hypthal and ant pituit gland

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21
Q

Name the actions of T3 and T4

A

Thermoregulation– reguklating body metabolism
Development of nervous system– can lead to underdevelopment in brain if not produced in babies

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22
Q

Name the hormone which is secreted from parafollicular cells and mention the function

A

Parafoulicular cells secrete calcitonin
Function of calcitonin: lower calcium in the blood

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23
Q

Name hormone from parathyroid glands and their functions

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone): increases calcium levels in blood
Calcitonin: lower calcium levels in blood

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24
Q

Name the hormones needed in hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia and explain why

A

Hypocalcemia:
- low calcium levels in blood
- PTH
Hypercalcemia:
- high calcium levels in blood
- calcitonin

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25
Name the location nd 2 major parts of adrenal glands
Cortex: outer part (zona glamorulosa, zona fasiculata, zona reticularis) Medulla: inner part (adrenal medulla)
26
Name hormones secreted from adrenal medula and their function
Epinephrine and neuropinephrine Function: connects nervous system to endocrine system by activating “fight or flight” response to help body respond to stress
27
Explain function of aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens
Aldesterone: - produced by Zona Glamorulosa - regulates BP - makes potassium and sodium ions Cortisol: - produced by Zona Fasiculota - acts as “stress hormone”-- makes u anxious so u respond quickly under stress - anti-inflammatory agent (4 signs inflammation: heat, red, swell, pain) - immunospression (fights auto-immune disease) Androgens: - produced by Zona Retiuclaris - small amounts of testosterone made
28
Name cells in pancreatic islets of pancreas then name the hormones from each cell and explain their functions
Alpha Cells: - make glucagon hormone - when ur hungry, these are sent to the liver to make u feel ok until time to eat - made when there’s no sugar in blood due to not eating - hypothalamus makes the glucagon hormone - body breaks down glucagon into glucose, then sends sugar into blood Beta Cells: - make insulin hormone - done after eating - takes extra sugar in blood to cells that need it
29
Explain which hormones in hyperglycemia and hpoglycemia are needed and why
HYPOglycenia: not enough sugar in blood– need alpha cells for glucagon HYPERglycenia: too much sugar in blood– need beta cells for insulin (Type 1 diabetes)
30
Mention the function of melatonin from pineal gland
Pineal gland secretes melatonin Melatonin helps u sleep
31
Name the hormones from ovaries and testes
FSH and LH
32
CARDIOVASCULAR CHAPTER 17 CARDS 32 - 49 Define location of heart
Within the thoracic cavity– specifically pericardial cavity
33
Name 3 layers of pericardium
Pericardium is the membrane surrounding heart to keep it in place, protected, & reduce friction layers: Fibrous pericardium– outer and thicker layer made of collagen fibers Serous pericardium– inner and thinner layer Sub layers: Fibrous pericardium– outer layer Serous pericardium– inner layer (made of sublayers: parietal pericaridum which outer layer and viseral/epicardium pericaridum inner layer and b/w these 2 is the serous fluid)
34
Name 3 layers of heart wall
Epicardium– outer most layer– for cushioning & protection– made of adipose tissue Myocardium– middle layer– for pumping blood– made of cardiac muscle (cardiac muscle has striations representing intercercular discs which allow electrical impulses of heart to travel from one cell to another) Endocardium – inner most layer– made of simple squamous tissue
35
Name heart chambers and explain their structures
Right Atrium– receives deO2 blood via superior and inferior vena cava and sends to right ventricles Right Ventricle– sends deO2 blood to pulmonary valves & arteries to reach lungs and become O2 blood Left Atrium– receives O2 blood from pulmonary veins and pumps O2 blood to left ventricle Left Ventricle–takes O2 blood and sends it to aortic valve, then aorta to be pumped throughout body
36
Classify and name heart valves and mention their functions
A-V Valves: Tricaspade Valve b/w right atrium and right ventricle Takes blood from right atrium and sends it to right ventricle Prevents backflow of blood in opposite direction Bicaspade Valve b/w left atrium and left ventricle Takes blood from left atrium and sends it to left ventricle Prevents backflow of blood in opposite direction Semilunar Valves: Aortic Valve Opening b/w aorta and left ventricle Opens to let blood flow from left ventricle into aorta Prevents backflow of blood in opposite direction Pulmonary Valve Opening b/w pulmonary trunk and right ventricle Opens to let blood flow from right ventricle toe and arteries Prevents backflow of blood in opposite direction
37
Name and explain 2 major circulations in your body. Name the steps in order, staying from the right atrium
Pulmonary Circulation Right atrium receives deO2 blood deO2 blood pumped thru Tricaspade Valve then reaches Right Ventricle deO2 blood goes trhough Pulmonary Valve then Pulmonary Arteries to reach Lungs and become O2 blood O2 blood goes trhough Pulmonary Veins and enters Left Atrium Left Atrium Pumps O2 Blood into Bicaspade Valve then reaches Left Ventricle O2 blood then goes through Aortic Valve then is pumped through the aorta to reach whole body systems, organs and cells Systemic Circulation O2 blood surrounds cels Cells take O2 from blood and give blood CO2 (blood becomes deO2) deO2 blood enters right atrium trhough superior vena cava (takes deO2 blood from superior to diaphagm) and inferior vena cava (takes deO2 blood from inferior to diaphgram) deO2 blood then re-enters right atrium to restart Pulmonary Circulation
38
Name the major vessels of coronary circulation and their branches
Coronoary Artery: provides oxygen to myocardium so cardiac muscle can pump blood Branches: Left Coronary artery (anterior interventicular artery & circumflex artery) and Right Coronary artery (posterior interventicular artery and marginal artery)
39
Explain the anatomy of heart conduction system
The heart conduction system uses cardiac muscle cells that have been modified and have now become pacemakers
40
Define movement of electrical signal in conduction system
Conduction system: produces and conducts electrical impulses to create a heart beat S.A. node (pacemaker of the heart) exists in the right atrium and it receives action potential The nerve impulse then travels to the A-V Bundles A-V Bundles branch into left and right and the left and right branches split into many little branches on each side Nerve Impluse travels to the depth of the ventricles so they contract perfectly at the same time
41
Define waves in EKG and explain what they mean
P-wave = atrial depolarization (atriums contacting) Q-R-S complex = ventricle depolarization (ventricles contracting) T-wave = ventricle repolarization (ventricles relaxing)
42
Define cardiac cycle and name events in order
Cardiac Cycle: all the events that occur to make one heart beat Background: - systolic = higher # in blood pressure– means contraction - dystolic = lower # in blood pressure– means relaxation **both occur in atriums and ventricles Steps: Atrial systolation (atriums contract) and there’s high BP in atriums while ventricles are in dystolation (ventricles relax) Tri-caspade and Bicaspade valves (aka A-V valves) open to let blood into the ventricles Atrial dystolation (atrials relax) and ventricles are in systolation (ventricles contract) and there’s high BP in ventricles Now on each side of the heart these things occur at the same time: Aortic valve opens to except O2 blood from left ventricle which is then pumped into the aorta Pulmonary Valve opens to except deO2 blood from right ventricle to then be pumped into pulmonary arteries to reach the lungs and become O2 blood
43
Mention valves situations during cardiac cycle
** already covered above
44
Define heart sounds and explain what causes them
S1 sounds: - the “lub sound” - when the A-V valves aka Tricaspade and Bicaspade valves close in the cardiac cycle S2 sounds: - the “dub sound” - when the Semilunar valves aka Aortic and Pulmonary valves close in the cardiac cycle
45
Define struck volume
Struck volume: - the amount of blood ejected from one ventricle in the heart in A SINGLE HEART BEAT
46
Define cardiac output and mention formula
Cardiac output: - the amount of blood that comes out of the heart in ONE MINUTE - Heart Rate beats/min x Stroke Volume ml/min = Cardiac Output ml/beat
47
Name factors which affect struck volume and explain the role of each
Preload– the ventricles stretching– increase in preload = inc in SV Contractivity– w/ how much force the heart pumps/contracts– inc in contractivity = inc in SV Afterload– friction b/w blood and walls of blood vessels = inc in afterload = dec in SV
48
Explain mechanisms which control heart rate
Bradycardia– below 60 bpm Tachycardia – above 100 bpm Autonomic nervous sympathitec– sympathetic causes heart rate increase bc of fight or flight and parasympathaetic cause sheart rate dec ex: digestion and sleeping Body temp inc ex: fever leads to inc heart rate Age– as older the heart rate decreases
49
Name factors which affect the heart rate at rest
Young – young people have a natural INCREASE HEART RATE at rest Excercise– over time as you exercise your heart increases in contractivity which will increase stroke volume and allow your heart to be better at rest aka DECRESE HEART RATE
50
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM II -- BLOOD VESSELS CARDS 50 - 65 Define arteries and veins
Arteries - carry O2 blood AWAY from heart - labeled red - exception: pulmonary artery– carried deO2 blood AWAY from heart Veins - carry deO2 blood TOWARDS the heart - labeled blue - exception: pulmonary vein– carries O2 blood TOWARDS the heart
51
Name arteries from LARGEST to SMALLEST
Aorta Elastic Arteries Muscular Arteries Arterioles
52
Arterioles Name major types of arteries and mention their structures and functions
Elastic Arteries Made of strong collagen fibers that can stretch and snap into place Can deal with diff types of BP Muscular Arteries Made of smooth muscles in the interna media In charge of vasoconstriction and vasodilation to large body parts Arterioles Smallest type of arteries In charge of vasoconstriction and vasodialtion within capillaries **vasoconstriction/dilation and of the vessel radius within capillaries is due to the arterioles as they control that
53
Name 3 coats of blood vessels in order & briefly meniton structure of each
Tunica intima: Endothelium made of simple squamous tissue Internal elastic lamina: made of strong elastic fibers allowing it to stretch and snap into pace– helps deal w/ diff types of BP Tunica media: Made of smooth muscle cells– allows for the vasoconstriction/dilation of the lumen aka vessel radius External elastic lamina: same function of internal elastic lamina in large arteries Tunica externa: Made of collagen rich connective tissue Provides anchor and support for blood vessel
54
Explain structure and function of capillaries
Microscopic vessels with extremely thin walls Act as exchange vessels between blood and cells in the body
55
Name 3 types of capillaries and mention their characteristics
Continuous capillaries: (most common) Capillaries are continues and there’s no wholes in between cells Found in skin and muscles Fertenous capillaries: Cappliares that have a lot of holes Ideal for exchange Found in kidneys and small intestine Sinosodius Capillaries: Capillaries with the largest wholes Leakeiest capillaries Found in liver and spleen
56
Mention differences in structure of arteries and veins
Arteries have no valves Veins have valves since they have lower blood pressure and they are defying gravity by bringing blood up— so valves r needed to prevent backflow
57
Explain the vessels which make the blood reservoir
Systemic veins aka superior and inferior vena cava make the blood reservoir since they hold the most blood in the body at any gvien time Superior vena cava– takes deO2 blood superior from digrphagm and puts it into the right atrium Inferior vena cava– takes deO2 blood inferior from diaphragm and puts it into right atrium
58
Define filtration & reabsorption through the wall of capillaries
Filtration is when substances move from blood, to intercestial fluid, and then to the cells Absorption is when substances move from cells, to intercestial fluid, and then to the blood
59
Define the pressures which help filtration (movement from blood to cell)
**Hydrostatic Pressure (HP)-- since its pushing substances away, SPECIFICALLY: Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (BHP) - blood is pushing O2 and Nutrietns away to intercestial fluid then to the cells - pushing fluid outside of capillaries - drives filtration Intercestial Hydrostatic Pressure (IFHP) - COUNTERACTING BHP - pushing fluid inside capillaries - acts against filtration
60
Define pressures which help reabsorption (movment from cell to blood)
Define pressures which help reabsorption (movment from cell to blood) **Osmotic Pressure (OP)-- since blood is pulling substances towards itself Blood Coilloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP) - movement of CO2 and waste from cells, to intersestial fluid, to blood - pulling fluids inside of capillaries - drives absoprtion Intercestial Coilloid Osmotic Pressure (IFOP) - COUNTERACTING BCOP - pulling fluids outside of capillaries - acts against reabsorption
61
Define net filtration pressure and mention formula
Define net filtration pressure and mention formula Net filtration = difference between: NFP = (BHP + IFOP) - (BCOP + IFHP)
62
Define blood pressure, systalic and diastolic blood pressures
Blood pressure: - pressure of the blood itself against the blood vessel walls Systalic BP: - ventricle contraction– larger number– larger sound = “lub” Diastolic BP: - ventricle relaxation– smaller number– quieter sound = “dub”
63
Define vascular resistance and factors that affect it
Vascular/Peripheral Resistance = any factor that hinders blood flow Peripheral Resistance **anything in peripheral resistance will inc BP Constriction of vessel radius (allows for more friction, inc periph resist = inc BP) Blood Viscoseity– the thicker the blood (more RBC) = inc in periph reist = in BP Longer Blood Vessel length– allows more opportunity for friction b/w blood & blood vessel walls = inc peripheral resitance = inc BP Obstruction– plaque in blood vessel walls = inc friction = inc periph reist = inc BP **Astherscleriosis = when there’s plaque in the carotid arteries **Vascular Dimentia = the plaque preventing blood flow & u end up suffering asychmia (low O2 levels) in the brain due to no proper blood flow in the brain and then end up developing dementia Other factors Increasing Blood Prssure: Blood Volume– leads to more blood meaning more water gain = inc BP Cardiac Output– leads to inc strock volume (SV) = inc BP
64
Name and explain methods which help venous return
Skeletal muscle pump: - there are skeletal muscles surrounding veins in the upper and lower limbs - valves are needed since veins are bringing deO2 blood from below the body up to the heart Skeltal muscles around veins in upper and lower limbs contract to pump blood Upper valves open while lower valves close to allow blood to come through Upper valves close to prevent backlow and lower valves open to let blood into that part of the vein This allows blood to move up little by little all the way to heart as the process repeats **Varicouse Veins = problem w/ the valves leading to backflow and blood staying in lower limbs– veins become visible and painful in the lower limbs
65
Explain how blood pressure is under control
By managing which part of nervous system is dominant given certain situations Sympathetic Nervous System Dominant: In “fight or flight” scenarios Allows you to react fast in stressful situations BP increases due to - inc heart rate - inc contractivity (force of the pump of the blood) - inc constriction of blood vessel radius (allows for more friction b/w blood and blood vessel walls → inc peripheral resistance → inc BP) High BP is detected by Adrenal Medulla (cardiovascular cetner of the brain) and releases epinephrine and neuropinephrine Parasympathetic Nervous System Dominant: - when body is relaxed - during digestion and resting modes - dec BP by: - dec heart rate, dec contractivity, and dec constriction by inc dilation of blood vessel radius

Bio 142 Exam 1 (1 decks)

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