Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Advanced Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(72 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the definition of Physiology?

A

The study of living organisms’ functions, their parts, physical processes, and chemical processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Pathophysiology.

A

The study of the disordered body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?

A

Cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Approximately how many cells are in the human body?

A

Roughly 100 trillion cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many times more bacteria are there in the gut than cells in the body?

A

10 times as many bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are Tissues?

A

A collection of cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List the types of tissues.

A
  • Nervous
  • Connective
  • Epithelial
    *Muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are Organs?

A

A collection of tissues to perform a specific function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give examples of Organs.

A
  • Kidney
  • Heart
  • Liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are Organ Systems?

A

Many different organs and tissues perform a function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name two examples of Organ Systems.

A
  • Cardiovascular
  • Urinary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a stable ‘milieu interieur’.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Who coined the term ‘milieu interieur’?

A

Claude Bernard (1813-1878).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Negative Feedback?

A

The most common form of feedback that promotes stability and makes corrections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Positive Feedback?

A

Promotes change in the same direction as the change and may lead to instability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the primary component of cellular composition?

A

70-85% water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the Membrane Components?

A
  • Phospholipids
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Cholesterol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the structure of Phospholipids.

A

Bilayer structure with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do Integral Proteins do?

A

Pass completely through the membrane and include channels, pores, carriers, and enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are Peripheral Proteins?

A

Proteins located on the surface of the membrane, including enzymes and intracellular signal mediators.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of Carbohydrates in the cell membrane?

A

Involved in cell-cell interactions and immune reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the role of Cholesterol in the membrane?

A

Decreases membrane fluidity and permeability, increases membrane flexibility and stability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the Rough ER responsible for?

A

Protein synthesis and glycosylation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the Smooth ER do?

A

Lipid synthesis and forms transport vesicles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the Golgi Apparatus?
Processes substances by glycosylation and phosphorylation, concentrates, sorts, and packages products.
26
What do Lysosomes contain?
Hydrolytic enzymes (acid hydrolases) for digestion.
27
What is the function of Peroxisomes?
Oxidize substances like alcohol that may be poisonous.
28
Define Mitochondria.
The powerhouse of the cell that generates ATP.
29
What is the Nucleus?
The control center of the cell.
30
What is the function of the Nucleolus?
Forms the subunits of ribosomes.
31
What is Transcription?
The process where RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence and synthesizes RNA.
32
What is Messenger RNA (mRNA)?
A complementary RNA sequence to the DNA strand.
33
What occurs during Translation?
mRNA attaches to ribosomes, and tRNA brings amino acids to form polypeptides.
34
What is Genomics?
A large-scale study of the genome.
35
What is the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle?
Includes M phase, G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase.
36
What is the role of DNA Ligase?
Replaces mismatches with complementary nucleotides.
37
What are Proto-oncogenes?
Normal genes that regulate cell growth.
38
What are Oncogenes?
Abnormal genes that promote cancer.
39
What causes mutations?
* Ionizing Radiation * Chemicals * Physical Irritants * Hereditary factors * Viruses
40
What is the role of the Sodium/Potassium Pump?
Trades 3 intracellular Na for 2 extracellular K and maintains the electrochemical gradient.
41
What is Action Potential?
A regenerating depolarization of the membrane potential that propagates along an excitable membrane.
42
What factors affect the rate of diffusion?
* Extracellular/intracellular concentration * Pressure * Nernst potential * Saturation * Size of channels and molecules
43
What is Saltatory Conduction?
Jumping-like movement between nodes along an axon that increases velocity.
44
What is the function of the Cytoskeleton?
Provides structural support and facilitates cellular movement.
45
What is the role of Calcium in Pacemaker Action Potentials?
Ca channels open during depolarization, allowing Ca influx.
46
What is the primary role of local anesthetics?
Block action potentials in sensory nerves without paralysis.
47
What occurs during Phase 3 (Repolarization) of cardiac muscle action potential?
Ca channels inactivate, K channels open ## Footnote K outflux occurs during this phase.
48
What is the primary effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on heart rate?
Slows the heart rate ## Footnote Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter involved.
49
What is the primary effect of the sympathetic nervous system on heart rate?
Increases the heart rate ## Footnote Epi, norepi, and dopamine are involved as neurotransmitters.
50
What is the structural composition of skeletal muscle?
Constructed by layers of fascicles, muscle fibers, and myofibrils ## Footnote Encased by epimysium.
51
What is a fascicle in muscle physiology?
A bundle of muscle cells ## Footnote Encased by perimysium.
52
What are muscle cells composed of?
A bundle of myofibrils ## Footnote Encased by endomysium.
53
What is the functional unit of skeletal muscle contraction?
Sarcomere ## Footnote Contains myofilaments.
54
What theory explains skeletal muscle contraction?
Sliding filament theory ## Footnote Occurs within the sarcomere.
55
What are myofilaments?
The smallest units of skeletal muscle organization ## Footnote Includes thick and thin filaments.
56
What is myosin?
Thick filament ## Footnote Contains two heavy chains and four light chains.
57
What is the role of the myosin head?
Site of ATPase activity ## Footnote Involved in muscle contraction.
58
What is the A Band in a sarcomere?
The section containing myosin and its overlap with actin ## Footnote Appears dark under the microscope.
59
What is the I Band in a sarcomere?
The section between myosin, containing actin, titin, and Z-disc ## Footnote Appears light under the microscope.
60
What happens during the power stroke of muscle contraction?
ADP and phosphate detach from the myosin head, sliding the myosin filament along the actin filament ## Footnote Pulls actin toward the myosin M-line.
61
What is hypertrophy in muscle physiology?
Splitting of myofibrils, increased actin and myosin, increased force production ## Footnote Caused by near maximum force production.
62
What is hyperplasia in muscle physiology?
Formation of new fibers ## Footnote May be caused by endurance training or anabolic steroids.
63
What is muscle atrophy?
Decrease in muscle mass and performance ## Footnote Caused by denervation, sedentary lifestyle, and other factors.
64
What is the Length-Tension Relation in muscle physiology?
Active muscle tension is measured by the passive tension and total tension ## Footnote Important for understanding muscle contraction mechanics.
65
What are the two types of skeletal muscle fibers?
Type I and Type II ## Footnote Type I is slow-twitch and primarily aerobic; Type II is fast-twitch and primarily anaerobic.
66
What is a motor unit?
Muscle fibers and the motor neuron that innervates them ## Footnote Small motor units allow for greater precision.
67
What is force summation in muscle contraction?
Increased overall contraction intensity from increased individual muscle cell contractions ## Footnote Total = sum of its parts.
68
What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?
Calcium binds to troponin to expose tropomyosin ## Footnote Essential for the sliding filament mechanism.
69
What is tetanus in muscle physiology?
Continuous, unresolved contraction ## Footnote High frequency of action potentials leads to no drop in Ca concentration.
70
Fill in the blank: The section of the sarcomere that contains actin is called the _______.
I Band
71
True or False: Type II muscle fibers have more mitochondria than Type I fibers.
False ## Footnote Type II fibers have fewer mitochondria.
72

Advanced Physiology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions