Exam 1

Question 1

Define and describe the levels of organization of life, from subcellular level to the level of the organism

Answer 1

electrons, protons, neutrons
atom
molecule
macromolecule
organelle
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

Question 2

Identify and describe the characteristics of life

Answer 2

Metabolism
Reproduce
Homeostasis
Response
Growth
Heredity

Question 3

identify and describe the requirements of life

Answer 3

Water (transport, metabolism, temp regulation)
Food (energy, nutrients)
Oxygen (extract energy from food)
Heat (metabolic rate)
pressure (atmospheric pressure)

Question 4

define homeostasis

Answer 4

Dynamic equilibrium in which the interna; environment is kept within optimal physiological parameters maintained by constant input

Question 5

describe maintenance of homeostasis vs. homeostatic mechanisms. Compare negative feedback vs. positive feedback homeostatic mechanisms.

Answer 5

Many mechanisms are used to maintain homeostasis and each cell has it’s own contribution.
Negative: deviation from a set point is corrected and correction reduces the response of the effectors.
Positive: Change is not reversed but intensified.

Question 6

define aging. describe changes that take place during aging

Answer 6

Aging: changes in the body that occur with time. Slowed metabolism, grey hair, decreased collagen elastin and subcutaneous fat, impaired cell function, propensity to sickness, accumulation of compounds due to oxygen free radicals.

Question 7

describe the division of the human body into axial and appendicular positions.

Answer 7

Axial is the head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular is the upper and lower limbs

Question 8

identify and describe the cavities of the head

Answer 8

Cranial Cavity houses the brain.
Oral cavity contains teeth and tongue
Nasal contains several sinuses
orbital contains eyes
tympanic contains middle ear bones

Question 9

identify and describe the cavities of the trunk, serous membranes lining those cavities, and viscera found in each

Answer 9

Thoracic cavity contains the left and right pleural cavity, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity.
Parietal pleura lines the walls of the pleural cavity, the visceral pleura lines the lungs
parietal pericardium lines the pericardial cavity and the visceral pericardium lines the heart.
The Fibrous pericardium is a third layer of thick tissue.

The abdominopelvic cavity houses the abdominal and pelvic cavities. Parietal peritoneal lines the walls and the visceral peritoneal lines the organs.

Question 10

describe the components and general functions of the major organ systems of the body

Answer 10

Integumentary: skin, hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands. Protects, regulates body temp, support sensory receptors.

Skeletal: Bones, ligaments, cartilage. Protect, provide structure, produce blood cells.

Muscular: muscles. Movement, maintain posture, heat source

Nervous: brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs. Receive and interpret info.

Endocrine: Glands that secrete hormones. Control metabolic activities.

Cardiovascular: heart, arteries, capillaries, veins. Move blood and substances

Lymphatic: lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen. Return tissue from blood, defend, carry molecules.

Digestive: mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestine. Receive, break down and absorb food.

Respiratory: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs. Gas exchange

Urinary: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. Eliminate waste, water and electrolyte balance.

Reproductive: Male: scrotum, testes, epididymites, ductus deferential, seminal vesicles, prostate glans, bulbourethral gland, urethra, penis.
Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva

Question 11

describe the standard anatomical position

Answer 11

Standing erect, palms forward, arms by the side, face forward

Question 12

identify and describe anatomical terms of relative position

Answer 12

Superior: above another part
Inferior: below
Anterior: front
Posterior: back
Medial: towards middle line
Lateral: towards side
Bilateral: one on each side of midline
ipsilateral: structures on the same side
contralateral: structures on opposite sides
proximal: closer to point of attachment than another
distal: farther from point of attachment
superficial: near surface
Deep

Question 13

identify and describe gross anatomical sections and section of cylindrical structures

Answer 13

Cylindrical: cross, longitudinal, and oblique
sagittal: divides left and right portions
transverse : superior and inferior
frontal: anterior and posterior

Question 14

identify and describe the parts and regions of the body

Question 15

identify and describe abdominal regions and quadrants

Answer 15

Regions: R hypochondriac, epigastric, L
R Lateral, umbilical, L
R iliac, pubic, L iliac

Question 16

define matter. define and describe elements

Answer 16

Matter: Anything that has weight and occupies space

Question 17

identify and compare bulk elements, trace elements, and ultratrace elements

Answer 17

Bulk elements: basic chemicals required in abundance (carbon, hydrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur)
Trace Elements: Elements needed in small amounts
Ultrarace elements: needed in very small amounts. Can be vital if too much in consumed.

Question 18

describe the structure of an atom

Answer 18

An atom has a nucleus in the center which houses protons and neutrons. It was electrons orbiting it.

Question 19

define and compare atomic number vs atomic mass

Answer 19

Atomic number is the number of protons an atom has. Atomic mass is the number of protons and neutrons

Question 20

define isotopes

Answer 20

Isotopes: same atomic number but different mass number

Question 21

define radioactivity. Describe the use of radioactive isotopes in diagnosis and treatment of disease.

Answer 21

unstable nucleus because it is an isotope

Question 22

define and describe electron shells. Define the valence shell. describe the importance of the valence shell to the chemical properties of an atom

Answer 22

Electron shells are levels that electrons orbit. Valence is the outer most. They are important for bonding.

Question 23

describe the octet rule

Answer 23

An atom must have 8 electrons in the valence shell, other than hydrogen and helium, to be stable.

Question 24

describe and compare covalent vs. ionic bonding. Describe polar covalent bonds

Answer 24

Ionic bonding is an attraction between opposite charges. One atom gives or receives an electron. They make crystal structures
Covalent shares an electron to make a full octet. They form molecules
Polar covalent bond: the electron is still shared but one has a strong pull than the other atom. The one with the stronger pull takes a slightly negative charge.

Question 25

define and describe hydrogen bonding

Answer 25

Hydrogen Bonding: Intermolecular attraction between partially positive hydrogen on a polar molecule and a partially negative atom of another.

Question 26

explain and provide examples of the importance of hydrogen bonding in the chemistry of life

Answer 26

Hydrogen bond is a positive hydrogen at the end of a polar molecule bonded to a negative N or O at the end a polar molecule. Water has high heat capacity (lots of energy to increase temp which buffers cells in temp change), and high heat of vaporization (sweating are efficient ways to cool) Base pairing with DNA between amino acid groups, and gives proteins shapes.

Question 27

define and describe chemical reactions. define and compare reactants vs products

Answer 27

Chemical reactions form or break bonds between molecules. Reactants are the starting material and products are the end result.

Question 28

describe and compare synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reaction types.

Answer 28

Synthesis: combining smaller molecules to make larger ones. Decomposition: Breakdown of molecules Exchange: two molecules swapping partners

Question 29

define and describe catalysts

Answer 29

Chemicals that increase the rate of a chemical reaction, but is not altered by the reaction

Question 30

define and describe reversible reactions

Answer 30

Chemical reaction in which the products can react, yielding the original reactants. Uses double arrow

Question 31

define and compare acids, bases, and salts

Answer 31

Acids: electrolytes that release H+ Bases: combine with free H+ to form OH- Salts: the product of an acid base reaction

Question 32

describe the measurement of acidity and alkalinity via the pH scale.

Answer 32

A pH below 7 is acidic, above 7 is basic

Question 33

define acidosis and alkalosis in terms of blood pH.

Answer 33

Acidosis is a blood pH belove 7.3 Alkalosis is a blood pH above 7.5 The optimal range is 7.35 - 7.45

Question 34

describe the octet rule

Answer 34

Octet Rule: if a valence shell has 8 electrons, it is stable.

Question 35

Define and describe buffers

Answer 35

Substances that can react with a strong acid or base to form a weaker acid or base, and resist change in pH. They combine with hydrogen when they are in excess or donate hydrogen when they are depleted.

Question 36

identify and describe inorganic chemical constituents of cells

Answer 36

Water Oxygen CO2 inorganic salts

Question 37

describe the structures and functions of carbohydrates. compare simple vs. complex carbohydrates

Answer 37

Carbohydrates provide energy, provide material to build structures, and are energy reserves. They are water soluble with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C5H12O6) Simple: monosaccharide (2-7 C atoms in a chain or ring) and disaccharides (two monosaccharides) Complex: polysaccharides (simple carbs linked together)

Question 38

identify and describe the three types of lipids discussed in lecture. Describe what it means for lipids to be hydrophobic or lipophilic

Answer 38

Fats: Longer term energy storage, insulation, protection. glycerol (3 carbon) with three fatty acid chains. Phospholipids: glycerol with 2 fatty acid chains (hydrophobic) and a phosphate group (hydrophilic). Form a lipid bilayer. Steroids: Four ring structure. Cholesterol and numerous hormones. hydrophobic and lipophilic means insoluble in water.

Question 39

describe fatty acids. Compare saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids. compare monosaturated vs polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Answer 39

Fatty Acids has carboxyl group and a chain of hydrogen and carbon. Saturated has no double covalent bonds, so they can align and are solid. All fatty acids are saturated. Unsaturated have one or more double covalent bonds so they cannot align, they are liquids. At least one fatty acid chain is unsaturated. Monounsaturated: one double bond Polyunsaturated: 2+ double bonds

Question 40

describe and compare saturated and trans fans

Answer 40

Saturated Fats have three fatty acid tails that follow a pattern, so they can be solid at RT. All three fatty acids are saturated. Trans Fats have the same physical structure but are actually unsaturated fatty acids. All fatty acids are unsaturated but they have the same structure as saturated fats.

Question 41

describe health risks associated with consumption of trans fats

Answer 41

It can cause heart diseases as it clogs arteries. They are rare in nature so our bodies struggle to digest them.

Question 42

describe the structure of phospholipids, including the hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. describe the unique properties of phospholipids.

Answer 42

They create a lipid bilayer due to the hydrophilic head and hydrophobic heads.

Question 43

describe the general structure and various functions of steroids

Answer 43

Four rings structure. makes hormones, make bile salts to break down fats.

Question 44

identify and describe the numerous functions of proteins in the body

Answer 44

Structural support: within and outside the cell. Receptors: Embedded in membranes of cells and connect with substances for reactions. Enzymes: catalyze chemical reactions Antibodies: Aid in immunization Carrier proteins

Question 45

describe the basic structure of an amino acid

Answer 45

An amino acid has a central carbon, bonded with an amino group, an R group, a hydrogen, and a carboxyl group

Question 46

describe the formation of peptide bond between two amino acids

Answer 46

A hydroxyl group, and H atom come off the amino acid and they can bond

Question 47

define and describe the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins

Answer 47

Primary: list of amino acids Secondary: The repeated subunits (folding) Tertiary: 3D structure of a peptide chain Quaternary: 2+ peptide chains

Question 48

describe the functions of nucleic acids

Answer 48

Store and convey instructions for protein synthesis.

Question 49

describe the basic structure of a nucleotide

Answer 49

Five carbon sugar, one phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Question 50

compare the structures of DNA vs RNA

Answer 50

DNA: double helix, deoxyribose, base pairing via hydrogen RNA: Ribose, single stranded, sub uracil for thymine.