Exam 1 Flashcards by Sam Slee

Cell Wall’s
Description?
Function?
(Structural Elements)

Description: Outer layer of cellulose or chitin; absent in animal cells

Function: Protection; support

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Cytoskeleton’s
Description?
Function?
(Structural Elements)

Description: Network of protein filaments

Function: Structural support; cell movement

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Flagella and cilia
Description?
Function?
(Structural Elements)

Description: Cellular extensions with 9 + 2 arrangement of pairs of microtubules

Function: Motility or moving fluids over surfaces

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Plasma membrane
Description?
Function?

Description: Lipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded

Function: Regulates what passes into and out of cell; cell to cell recognition

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Endoplasmic reticulum
Description?
Function?

Description: Network of internal membranes

Function: Forms compartments and vesicles; participates in protein and lipid synthesis

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Nucleus
Description?
Function?

Description: Structure (usually spherical) that contains chromosomes; surrounded by double membrane

Function: Control center of cell; directs protein synthesis and cell reproduction

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Golgi Complex
Description?
Function?

Description: Stacks of flattened vesicles

Function: Packages proteins for export from the cell; forms secretory vesicles

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Lysosomes
Description?
Function?

Description: Vesicles derived from Golgi complex that contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes

Function: Digest worn-out organelles and cell debris; play role in cell death

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Mitochondria
Description?
Function?

Description: Bacteria-like elements with double membrane

Function: Sites of oxidative metabolism; provide ATP for cellular energy

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Chloroplasts
Description?
Function?

Description: Bacteria-like organelles found in plants and algae; complex inner membrane consists of stacked vesicles

Function: Sites of photosynthesis

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Chromosomes
Description?
Function?

Description: Long threads of DNA that form a complex with protein

Function: Contain hereditary information

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Nucleolus
Description?
Function?

Description: Sites of genes for RNA synthesis

Function: Assembles ribosomes

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Ribosomes
Description?
Function?

Description: Small, complex assemblies of protein and RNA, often bound to endoplasmic reticulum

Function: Sites of protein synthesis

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What is coupled transport ?

A common way for cells to accumulate sugars and amino acids
(needs partner for transportation)

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What is active transport ?

Utilizes protein channels that open only when energy is supplied.
(carried out by sodium-potassium pump)

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What is selective diffusion ?

When membrane proteins act as open channels for whatever is small enough to fit inside its channel
(Form of diffusion is common in ion transport)

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What is facilitated diffusion ?

Membrane Proteins act as carriers that can bind only to specific molecules and transport them
(When all carriers are in use then transport is saturated)

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what is selective permeability ?

Allows cells to control specifically what enters and leaves

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what are the 2 forms of endocytosis ?

Phagocytosis: endocytosis of solid matter

Pinocytosis: endocytosis of liquid matter

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What is endocytosis ?

Engulfing of substances from vesicle that is brought inside cell

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What is Exocytosis ?

The discharge of substances from vesicles at the inner surface of the cell

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Hypertonic solution is ?

Shriveled cells (higher solute)

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Isotonic solution is ?

Normal cells

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Hypotonic solution is ?

Cells swell and eventually burst (lower solute)

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What is osmotic pressure ?

Movement of water by osmosis into cell causing pressure (explains why so many cell types are reinforced by cell walls)

What is osmosis ?

Water moves down its concentration gradient into or out of a cell

What are the three types of protein fibers that comprise the cytoskeleton ? (smallest to biggest)

-Microfilaments (actin filaments) -Microtubules -Intermediate filaments

What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER ?

Rough ER= protein synthesis Smooth ER= carbohydrates and lipid synthesis

What is the difference between plant cells and animal cells

Plants contain central vacuole while animal cells contain centrioles

Prokaryotic cells contains ?

A lack of nucleus and extensive system of internal membranes

What are macromolecules ?

-Proteins -Nucleic acids -Carbohydrates -Lipids

What are monomers ?

assembly of smaller components that make up macromolecules

What is the assembled chain of monomers known as ?

polymer

How are macromolecules assembled ?

covalent bond is formed by removing a hydroxyl (OH) and a hydrogen (H) *dehydration synthesis

What is hydrolysis ?

A molecule of water is added to break the covalent bond between the monomers

what is a peptide bond ?

A covalent bond linking two amino acids together

What is a polypeptide ?

The assembled polymer

What is Primary structure in proteins ?

sequence of amino acids (determines all other levels of protein structure)

What is a Secondary structure ?

Initial folding of amino acid chains (folded may resemble helices, coils, or sheets)

What is Tertiary structure ?

The twists and folds that lead to final shape of the protein (final 3-D shape)

what is Quaternary structure ?

The spatial arrangement of component polypeptides (comprised of more tham one polypeptide chain)

What is denature in a protein ?

environmental factors that will cause it to unfold (cannot be reactivated)

What are enzymes ?

Enzymes cause the chemical that they fit with to undergo a reaction. (helps proteins do their job)

What are nucleic acids comprised of ?

Monomers called nucleotides

What are the nucleotides made up of ?

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (Apple Tree, Car Garage)

What is the DNA structure ?

A double helix.

What are Carbohydrates used for ?

energy and structural molecules

What are Monosaccharides ?

consist of only one monomer subunit (glucose)

What are Disaccharides ?

Consists of two monosaccharides (sucrose formed by glucose and fructose)

What are the long chains of complex carbohydrates called ?

Polysaccharides

What type of energy do plants form ?

Starch

What type of energy do animals form?

Glycogen

Where can cellulose be found ?

in cell walls of plants

Where can Chitin be found ?

in exoskeletons of invertebrates and in cell walls of fungi

What are Lipids ?

fats and other molecules not soluble in water (fats, phospholipids)

What are the subunits of fats ?

Fatty acids and Glycerol

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated ?

Saturated: maximum number of hydrogens are attached Unsaturated: fewer than maximum attached

What are phospholipids ?

make up two membrane layers

What is cholesterol ?

(steroid) embedded within membrane

What charges do Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons have ?

Protons= positive Neutrons= no charge Electrons= negative

How do you find the atomic number ?

The number of protons in the nucleus

How do you find the Mass Number ?

The number of protons plus neutrons

Electrons have energy position called what ?

Potential Energy

What is the space that surrounds an atom ?

Orbitals

What are Ions ?

atoms that have gained or lost one or more electrons

What are Isotopes ?

Atoms that have the same number of protons but different number of electrons

What is the process called of isotopes that are unstable and break up into particles ?

radioactive decay

What are the uses for radioactive isotopes ?

Dating fossils and Medical procedures

What are the 3 types of chemical bonds ?

Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen bonds

What bond is involved with the attraction of opposite charges ?

Ionic bonds (often form crystals)

What bond form between two atoms when they share electrons ?

Covalent bonds

What bonds form when shared electrons of a covalent bond spend more time together ?

Polar covalent bond (partial negative and positive)

What are Hydrogen Bonds ?

weak electrical attractions between positive end of one polar end and one negative end (water)

What is cohesion ?

when water molecules are attracted to another water molecule

What is Adhesion ?

when polar molecules other than water stick to a water molecule

What is the difference between Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic ?

Hydrophilic= water dissolves easily Hydrophobic= repel water

What kind of scale is the pH scale ?

a logarithmic scale (1 unit represents a 10 fold change in hydrogen concentration)

What are more basic pH examples ?

Less hydrogen (combines with H)

What is more Acidic pH examples ?

Acidic (dissociates in water increasing H)

what are buffers used for ?

to minimize pH disturbances

What are living things with similar features grouped into ?

Kingdoms

What are the properties of life ?

Cellular organization, Metabolism, Homeostasis, growth and reproduction, and Heredity

What is the organization of life in hierarchy of levels of increasing complexity ?

Cellular, Organismal, Population

What are the emergent properties that are hallmarks of life ?

Metabolism, Consciousness

What is the mechanism for evolution ?

natural selection

What is Symbiosis ?

two species living in direct contact

What is Homeostasis ?

"steady state"

What are the six stages of the scientific process in order ?

Observation, Hypothesis, Predictions, Testing, Controls, and Conclusion

What is genetic information encoded with ?

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

What are domains three domains in the six kingdoms of life ?

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Exam 1 Flashcards

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