Exam 1

Question 1

refers to the adaptive articulatory changes by which one speech sound becomes similar, sometimes identical, to a neighboring sound segment.

Answer 1

Assimilation:

Question 2

specifics the parameter or scaling variables of muscle movement needed to realize the plan

Answer 2

motor programming (phonemic)

Question 3

focus is on the nature of children’s underlying representation considering:
- how representations are first established through the perception of speech
- how stored abstract representations are transformed into physically uttered words

Answer 3

representation-based account theory (contemporary theory)

Question 4

T/F: /f/ and /v/ are stridents but not sibilants

Answer 4

true

Question 5

assimilation where earlier occurring sound segment that influences a following sound (i.e., ice cream becomes ice stream)

Answer 5

Progressive:

Question 6

constraint-based phonological theory which explains language universals, phonological acquisition, and phonological disorders according to specific constraints which are imposed up on the patterns; constricts are based on the principles of markedness

Answer 6

optimal theory (contemporary theory)

Question 7

the simplification of consonant clusters (two or more consonants next to each other in a word) to a single sound or a more manageable combination of sounds

Answer 7

cluster reduction
-spoon -> poon
-truck -> tuck

Question 8

theories in which single sound segments are seen as being governed by more complex linguistic dimension (i.e., stress, intonation, and metrical and rhythmical factors)
-Different sounds develop at different rates
-Arrangement of sounds (hand theory)

Answer 8

non linear/multi linear theory (contemporary theory)

Question 9

Which foundational theory defines development based on a group where single sound segments are governed by more complex linguistic dimensions and different types of phonemes may develop at different speeds

Answer 9

nonlinear

Question 10

word pairs that differ simply by the presence or absence of a phoneme (i.e., late and plate)

Answer 10

near minimal pair

Question 11

group of vowels and specific consonants that demonstrate increased relative loudness in relationship to other sounds with the same length, stress, and pitch

Answer 11

sonorants

Question 12

sibilant or strident making hissing sound

Answer 12

sibilant

Question 13

a phonological process where a voiceless consonant (like /p/, /t/, /k/) at the beginning of a word or syllable is replaced with its voiced counterpart (like /b/, /d/, /g/)

Answer 13

prevocalic voicing

Question 14

process in which the articulatory properties of one sound influence the production of another

Answer 14

assimilatory (harmony) processes

Question 15

the initial consonant sound, digraph, or blend that comes before a vowel sound

Answer 15

onset

Question 16

study of linguistic meaning and includes meaning of words, phrases, and sentences

Answer 16

semantics

Question 17

in normal speech children have a tendency to _____ final obstruents (i.e., bed, dishes)

Answer 17

devoice

Question 18

substitution, omission, distortion, addition, that may interfere with intelligibility

Answer 18

articulation disorder

Question 19

Phonetic realizations of a phoneme (i.e., Laugh vs. fuLL vs pLay), does not change the meaning of the word

Answer 19

Allophones

Question 20

subcategory of fricatives. Have a sharper sound o more strident quality than others due to the presence of high frequency acoustic components “hissing sounds”

Answer 20

sibilant

Question 21

A speech sound

Answer 21

Phone

Question 22

study of the structure of words

Answer 22

morphology

Question 23

assimilation when sounds are separated by at least one other sound segment (i.e., pig becomes gig)

Answer 23

Noncontiguous/Remote:

Question 24

complete or narrow constriction between the articulators hindering the expiratory air stream

Answer 24

Obstruents (Stops, fricates, affricates)

Question 25

the final part of the syllable, placed after the central part of a syllable (known as the nucleus) and usually containing multiple consonants

Answer 25

coda

Question 26

Main Idea: - assumes two levels of representation: input and output -system of constraints (markedness and faithfullness) rather than rules influence a child's output representation

Answer 26

optimality theory

Question 27

Prosodic features include

Answer 27

pitch, loudness, duration, and rhythm

Question 28

is motor execution phonemic or phonetic?

Answer 28

phonetic

Question 29

what the speaker actually said = _______ transcription

Answer 29

narrow

Question 30

The theory of Natural Phonology contributed to the field of SLP by introducing the idea of?

Answer 30

phonological patterns and proccesses

Question 31

what the speaker intended to say = _____ transcription

Answer 31

broad

Question 32

study of the language used to communicate within various situational contexts

Answer 32

pragmatics

Question 33

level where sound representation depicts the language-specific function of speech sounds, their phonemes values (phonotactics)

Answer 33

phonemic level

Question 34

is motor programming phonemic or phonetic?

Answer 34

phonemic

Question 35

an impairment of an individual's sound system resulting in significant problems with speech sound production that differs from age and culturally based expectations

Answer 35

Speech sound disorder

Question 36

organizational rules denoting word, phrase, and clause order

Answer 36

syntax

Question 37

important aspects of phoneme function, accounts for all permissible sound arrangement within a language

Answer 37

phonotactics

Question 38

phonological process where a child substitutes a sound produced at the front of the mouth (like /t/ or /d/) with a sound produced at the back of the mouth (like /k/ or /g/)

Answer 38

backing of velars

Question 39

general type of transcription based on the phoneme system of a specific language

Answer 39

broad transcription

Question 40

sibilant or strident are louder and more intense

Answer 40

strident

Question 41

words pairs that differ by a single phoneme and have different meanings (i.e., /k/ and /t/ are phonemes in English because key and tea are two different words)

Answer 41

Minimal pair

Question 42

the emphasis placed on every other syllable in a line, creating a rhythmic pattern of unstressed followed by stressed syllables

Answer 42

iambic stress

Question 43

Theory that incorporates features of naturalness and was specifically designed to explain the development of a child’s phonological system.

Answer 43

natural phonology

Question 44

inability to articulate certain speech sounds correctly, referred to as phonetic impairment

Answer 44

Articulation impairment:

Question 45

what are the steps of speech production (5)?

Answer 45

a. retrieve phonological representation b. phonological planning c. motor planning d. motor programming e. motor execution

Question 46

level where sound representation with sounds as central units

Answer 46

phonetic level

Question 47

a phonological process where the order of sounds or syllables within a word is reversed or transposed

Answer 47

Metathesis

Question 48

impaired comprehension of the sound system of a language and the rules that govern the sound combinations

Answer 48

phonological disorder

Question 49

the description of the allowed combinations of phonemes in a particular language

Answer 49

phonotactics

Question 50

phonetic is broad or narrow transcription?

Answer 50

narrow

Question 51

additional transcription marks which are added to sound symbols to demonstrate a particular phonetic value

Answer 51

diacritics *used to denote modifications of the original sound

Question 52

when features from two adjacent sounds are combined so that one sound replaces two other sounds (i.e., window becomes wino)

Answer 52

Coalescence:

Question 53

group of consonants that contain two phases: - stop portion with a build-up of air which is slowly released - a friction portion

Answer 53

affricates

Question 54

Sibilants are a subcategory of which manner

Question 55

A speech sound that serves to contract meaning between words in a language

Answer 55

Phoneme

Question 56

assimilation where modifying adjacent sounds (i.e., skunk becomes stunk)

Answer 56

Contiguous/Contact:

Question 57

the addition of a sound, usually a vowel, into a word, often breaking up a consonant cluster or occurring at the end of a word

Answer 57

Epenthesis

Question 58

marked/unmarked: phonetically more complex, less common across languages, and later developing

Answer 58

marked

Question 59

the study of sound system of language, and includes the rules that govern its spoken form

Answer 59

phonology

Question 60

what are the theories?

Answer 60

classic-generative and natural phonology contemporary-nonlinear, optimality, and representation based account of child's speech phonology

Question 61

system based on recording as much production detail as possible

Answer 61

narrow tranascription

Question 62

assimilation where a later occurring sound segment that influences a preceding sound (i.e., pumpkin becomes punkin)

Answer 62

Regressive/anticipatory:

Question 63

any time there is a stop in a cluster it is _________

Answer 63

unaspirated (ex: ski, the /k/ stay unsapirated)

Question 64

the physical production of the programmed movements

Answer 64

motor execution (phonetic)

Question 65

Who is the author of your text, Articulation & Phonology in Speech Sound Disorders: A Clinical Focus?

Answer 65

Jacqueline Bauman-Waengler

Question 66

Main Idea: - phonological system is broader and more complex than just speech sounds - comprising of organized hierarch - phonological elements can be evaluated both as independent and with respect tot ehir interactions with other elements - two main tiers: segmental and prosodic

Answer 66

Nonlinear/multilinear

Question 67

phonemic is broad or narrow transciption?

Answer 67

broad

Question 68

involves rules that govern sound patterns in a given language, referred to as phonemic impairment

Answer 68

phonological impairment:

Question 69

linguistic function (i.e., affect the meaning of word or phrase) or a paralinguistic function (i.e., modify or enrich the meaning of spoken information, such as conveying emotion) Include stress, rhythm, intonation, and lexical and grammatical tones.

Answer 69

suprasegmentals

Question 70

designed to explain the orderly development of the phonological system in children on the basis of naturalness theories

Answer 70

Natural phonology (classic theory)

Question 71

the vowel part of a syllable

Answer 71

nucleus

Question 72

the emphasis placed on every other syllable in a line, creating a rhythmic pattern of stressed followed by unstressed syllables

Answer 72

trochiac stress

Question 73

Coarticulation that results in assimilation that occurs after the actual sound is produced is called:

Answer 73

carryover

Question 74

/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/ stridents or sibilants?

Answer 74

sibilant

Question 75

variations of how phonemes are produces

Answer 75

allophones

Question 76

the application of principles of generative (or transformational) grammar to phonology

Answer 76

Generative phonology (classic theory)

Question 77

marked/unmarked: more natural phonemes that are found more frequently in languages around the word

Answer 77

unmarked