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Biol 1B Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 basic types of organic molecules?

A

Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Sugars
Lipids

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2
Q

Define “Endergonic”

A

Requires energy input from the cell

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3
Q

Define “Exergonic”

A

Releases stored energy

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4
Q

Polymers are formed from monomers through_______ and are broken back down into monomers through________

A

Condensation Reactions

Hydrolysis

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5
Q

Define Polypeptide

A

A chain of amino acids; functions in defense, transport, communication, movement….

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6
Q 
Know Protein Structure:
Primary=
Secondary=
Tertiary=
Quaternary=
A

1st- Amino acid sequence in polypeptide
2nd- Hydrogen bonds make alpha helices and beta pleated sheets
3rd-Structures formed by helices and pleated sheets
4th-Shape determined by formation of tertiary structures

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7
Q

What are Chaperonins?

A

Proteins that aid in proper folding to prevent disfunction.

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8
Q

Define Denatured

A

(Unfolded) Hydrogen and Disulfide bonds are broken

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9
Q

What term describes the covalent bonds that connect polysaccharides?

A

Glycosidic Linkage

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10
Q

Do saturated or unsaturated fatty acids exhibit “kinks”in phospholipid tails? What causes them?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids. Kinks are caused by double bonds that exist between carbons because they aren’t saturated with hydrogens to fill the space.

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11
Q

What is meant by “Phospholipids are amphipathic”?

A

They have both hydrophilic heads AND hydrophobic tails.

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12
Q

What are Ribozymes?

A

RNA with catalytic properties

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13
Q

“Flipases” are…..

A

Enzymes that catalyze movement from one side of the phospholipid bilayer to the other.

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14
Q

What is Fluidity?

A

The rate of movement of elements within the membrane, leading to higher permeability.

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15
Q 
Which of these causes an INCREASE in permeability?
A. Fatty Acid Tail Length
B. Temperature
C. Fatty Acid Saturation
D. Cholesterol
A

B. Temperature, all other choices drive permeability DOWN!

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16
Q

Saturated lipids are more ______ at room temperature.

A

Solid

Ex.) Beeswax, butter

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17
Q

Peripheral means…..

A

Transiently attached to the cell membrane

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18
Q

Integral proteins can be either ______ or ________

A

Monotopic=Small and don’t cross entirely

Polytopic= Transmembrane, cross 1 or more times

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19
Q

________ are enzymes that link on to membrane proteins of adjacent cells and anchor them together.

A

Glycans

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20
Q

Give 2 of the most common types of N-linked and O-linked glycosylations…..
N-linked:______, _______
O-linked ______, _______

A 
N-linked= Argenine, Asparagine 
O-linked= Serine, Threonine
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21
Q

Passive diffusion is…..

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A

Net movement of molecules from High to Low, requires no Energy

22
Q

Hypertonic solutions start with ______water in the cell. Hypotonic solutions start with _______ water in the cell.

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A

Too much

Too little

23
Q

The two types of Co-transporters are….

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A

Symporters- Transport two molecules in same direction

Antiporters- Transport two molecules in opposite directions. (using flow of solute)

24
Q

What is active transport?

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A

Moving against the concentration gradient to get molecules from Low to High USING ENERGY.

25
How does the sodium-potassium pump work?
3 Sodium ions bind to the inside of the pump, then ATP binds to the protein and causes it to change shape with releases the sodium ions and allows 2 potassium ions to bind inside the pump now. Then the ATP breaks off and the pump changes shape back to release the potassium.
26
What are lysosomes and what cells do they occur in?
They are waste disposal organelles that digest macrophages. They are only found in animal cells.
27
Describe how protein synthesis works?
A copy of mRNA is made, then transported to ribosomes in the Rough E.R. to be translated into polypeptides
28
The Smooth E.R. is the site of _______ synthesis
Lipid
29
Briefly describe endosymbiosis….
One species of unicellular life engulfs another, and the engulfed cell is kept alive while products are made available for the host. The genome size of the endosymbiont is reduced to only the stable information.
30
Explain how DNA replication is Semi-conservative
Every time DNA replicates, the new double helixes are formed of one old strand and one new strand.
31
What is Chromatin?
A complex of DNA and proteins
32
Nucleosomes are….
DNA wrapped around proteins (histones)
33
What was the Hershey-Chase experiment?
The experiment that proved genes are made of DNA, by infecting bacteria with E.Coli that would prove where the hereditary information of the cell lies.
34
Active DNA synthesis takes place at the ______
Replication Fork
35
What is the function of Primase?
To add Primers (3' OH) for DNA Polymerase to extend from. It is a type of RNA polymerase.
36
What is the difference between DNA Polymerase 1 and 3?
DNA Polymerase 1 adds complimentary dNTP's to the 3' end of the new chain, while DNA Polymerase 3 catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between dNTP's.
37
What does DNA Ligase do?
Joins Okazaki fragments into a continuous strand.
38
Define Telomere
The region at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome
39
What subunit is responsible for removing incorrect base pairings?
Exonuclease
40
What is Transcription?
The process of copying DNA to mRNA, which is performed by RNA polymerase.
41
What is Translation?
The process of using copied mRNA info to synthesize proteins, which is done by ribosomes.
42
What does it mean to say that the genetic code is "unambiguous"?
One codon specifies one amino acid
43
What is a point mutation? What different kinds of point mutations are there?
A change in a single base of a DNA sequence. Silent=Doesn't change the amino acid produced Missense=Change in base that changes the amino acid and the primary structure Nonsense=Leads to an early stop codon Frameshift=Addition or deletion of a nucleotide.
44
Compare and contrast Polyploidy and Aneuploidy?
Polyploidy is an increase in the # of each type of chromosome, and Aneuploidy is the addition or deletion of an individual chromosome. (Down Syndrome)
45
What do regulatory molecules do?
They alter the length of time an mRNA will survive.
46
What enzyme is responsible for catalyzing transcription?
RNA Polymerase Holoenzyme
47
What function do Sigma factors serve?
Binding DNA and RNA Polymerase
48
Describe the A, P, and E sites on large ribosomal subunits….
A-Site: (Acceptor Site) Carries the amino acid P-Site: (Peptidyl Site) Holds the growing polypeptide chain. E-Site: (Exit Site) The site carrying tRNA without Amino Acids out of the ribosome.
49
What are some key differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic transcription?
1. Eukaryotic involves upstream enhancers and downstream silencers to enhance or repress transcription. 2. Eukaryotic involves 3 different RNA polymerases with specific functions. Prokaryotic all RNA is transcribed by same RNA polymerase. 3. Prokaryotic uses sigma factors, eukaryotic uses transcription factors to couple promoter and RNA polymerase.
50
What is splicing? By what proteins is it performed?
The removal of introns from the primary transcript, joining eons together. It is performed by snRNP's (small nuclear Ribonucleoproteins) when they bind to the intron and form the splicosome.
51
Contrast the promoter structures of Bacteria and Eukaryotes
Bacteria typically contain a -35 and a -10 box, whereas Eukaryotes typically have a TATA box at about -30 from the transcription start site.
52
How are Aminoacyl-tRNA's made?
By using Aminoacyl-tRNA synthestase to attach amino acids to tRNA.

Biol 1B Exam 1 (2 decks)

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