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Epi > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Age specific rates

A

Frequency of a disease in a particular age stratum divided by the total number of persons within that age stratum during a time period.

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2
Q

Attack rate

A

An alternative form of the incidence rate that is used when the nature of a disease or condition is such that a population is observed for a short time period. The attack rate is calculated by the formula ill/(ill + well) 3 100 (during a time period). The attack rate is not a true rate because the time dimension is often uncertain.

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3
Q

Causality

A

Referring to the relationship between cause and effect.

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4
Q

Changes in the causes of death from 1990 to present

A

a shift from the majority of the causes of death being due to infectious disease to being due to chronic disease

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5
Q

Characteristics of epidemiology

A

Epidemiology is concerned with the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of “health-related states or events” 6 (e.g., health and diseases, morbidity, injuries, disabil-ity, and mortality in populations). Epidemiologic studies are applied to the control of health problems in populations. The key aspects of this definition are determinants, distribution, population, and health phenomena (e.g., morbidity and mortality).

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6
Q

Descriptive epidemiology

A

Epidemiologic studies that are concerned with characterizing the amount and distribution of health and disease within a population.

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7
Q

Determinant

A

A factor or event that is capable of bringing about a change in the health status of a population.

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8
Q

Dynamic population

A

A population that adds new members through immi-gration and births or loses members through emigration and death.

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9
Q

Epidemic

A

Occurrence of a disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy

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10
Q

Epidemiologic approach

A

is used to prevent the occurrence of new cases of disease, to eradicate existing cases, and to prolong the lives of those with the disease.

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11
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations. Epidemiological studies are applied to the control of health problems in populations.

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12
Q

Fixed population

A

A population distinguished by a specific happening and addings no new members; population decreases in size as a result of deaths only.

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13
Q

Incidence

A

Number of new cases of a disease—or other condition

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14
Q

John Snow

A

He is considered one of the fathers of modern epidemiology, in part because of his work in tracing the source of a cholera outbreak in Soho, London, in 1854.

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15
Q

John Graunt

A

a London haberdasher and councilman who published a landmark analysis of mortality data in 1662. This publication was the first to quantify patterns of birth, death, and disease occurrence, noting disparities between males and females, high infant mortality, urban/rural differences, and seasonal variations.

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16
Q

Morbidity

A

Occurrence of an illness or illnesses in a population.

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17
Q

Mortality

A

Occurrence of death in a population.

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18
Q

Nativity

A

Place of origin (e.g., native-born or foreign-born) of the individual or his or her relatives.

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19
Q

Natural experiment associated with the birth of epidemiology

A

A type of research design in which the experimenter does not control the manipulation of a study factor(s). The manipulation of the study factor occurs as a result of natural phenomena or policies that impact health, an example being laws that control smoking in public places.

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20
Q

New epidemic disorders

A

diseases that are increasing markedly in frequency in comparison with previous time periods.

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21
Q

Operations research

A

A type of study of the placement of health services in a community and the optimum utilization of such services.

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22
Q

Point epidemic

A

Response of a group of people circumscribed in place to a common source of infection, contamination, or other etiologic factor to which they were exposed almost simultaneously.

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23
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of cases of illness in a group or population

24
Q

Primary prevention

A

Activities that are designed to reduce the occurrence of disease and that occur during the period of prepathogenesis (i.e., before an agent interacts with a host).

25
Q

Proportional mortality ratio

A

Number of deaths within a population due to a specific disease or cause divided by the total number of deaths in the population during a time period such as a year.

26
Q

Differences between rates and ratios

A

Rates:A ratio that consists of a numerator and denominator in which time forms part of the denominator.
Ratio: A fraction in which there is not necessarily any specified relationship between the numerator and denominator.

27
Q

Risk factors

A

An exposure that is associated with a disease, morbidity, mortality, or adverse health outcome.

28
Q

Secondary prevention

A

Intervention designed to reduce the progress of a disease after the agent interacts with the host; occurs during the period of pathogenesis.

29
Q

Secular time trends

A

Gradual changes in disease frequency over long time periods.

30
Q

Selective factor

A

A circumstance that results in the choice of persons for a group because of their health status or other characteristic.

31
Q

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Prevention, and difference between them

A

Primary prevention Activities that are designed to reduce the occurrence of disease and that occur during the period of prepathogenesis (i.e., before an agent interacts with a host).
Secondary prevention is a Intervention designed to reduce the progress of a disease after the agent interacts with the host; occurs during the period of pathogenesis.
Tertiary prevention is a Intervention that takes place during late pathogenesis and is designed to reduce the limitations of disability from disease.

32
Q

Uses of epidemiology

A

Health Status and Health Services,Disease Etiology, Study history of the health of populations, Diagnose the health of the community, Examine the working of health services, Estimate individual risks and chances, Identify syndromes Complete the clinical picture, Search for causes

33
Q

What is the difference between epidemiological and clinical descriptions of disease

A

clinical description of TSS would include specific signs and symptoms, such as high fever, headache, malaise, and other more dramatic symp-toms, such as vomiting and profuse watery diarrhea. The epidemiologic description would indicate which age groups would be most likely to be affected, time trends, geographic trends, and other variables that affect the distribution of TSS.

34
Q

Etiologic basis of disease and how epidemiology intersects

A

Having to do with causes or the mode in which diseases are caused. Epidemiology is study of the distribution and determinants of health and dis-ease, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations. Epidemiologic studies are applied to the control of health problems in populations.

35
Q

Epidemics

A

Occurrence of a disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy.

36
Q

Risk factors impact on populations and individuals

A

An exposure that is associated with a disease, morbidity, mortality, or adverse health outcome.

37
Q

Dose Response relationships

A

Graphical representation of the relationship between changes in the size of a dose or exposure and changes in response. This curve generally has an “S” shape.

38
Q

Health disparities

A

Differences in health that occur among population groups, especially differences related to gender, race or ethnicity, education, or income.

39
Q

Incidence Rate

A

Number of new cases of a disease—or other condition—in a population divided by the total population at risk over a time period times a multiplier (e.g., 100,000).

40
Q

Crude Death Rate

A

Number of deaths during a specified period of time per the resident population during the midpoint of the time period (expressed as rate per 1,000).

41
Q

Point Prevalence

A

Number of cases of illness in a group or population at a point in time divided by the total number of persons in that group or population.

42
Q

Proportional Mortality

A

Number of deaths within a population due to a specific disease or cause divided by the total number of deaths in the population during a time period such as a year.

43
Q

Descriptive Epidemiologic Studies

A

A type of study designed to portray the health characteristics of a population with respect to person, place, and time. Such studies are uti-lized to estimate disease frequency and time trends, and include case reports, case series, and cross-sectional surveys.

44
Q

Seasonal Variations

A

may be caused by seasonal changes in the behavior of persons that place them at greater risk for certain diseases, changes in exposure to infectious or environmental agents, or endogenous biologic factors.

45
Q

Mortality rates and trends

A

?

46
Q

Aim of epidemiology

A

To describe the health status of populations means to enumerate the cases of disease, to obtain relative frequencies of the disease within subgroups, and to discover important trends in the occurrence of disease. ● To explain the etiology of disease means to discover causal factors as well as to determine modes of transmission. ● To predict the occurrence of disease is to estimate the actual number of cases that will develop as well as to identify the distribution within populations Such information is crucial to planning interventions and allocation of healthcare resources. ● To control the distribution of disease, the epidemiologic approach is used to prevent the occurrence of new cases of disease, to eradicate existing cases, and to prolong the lives of those with the disease.

47
Q

Uses of epidemiology

A

history of the health of populations, diagnosis of the health of the community, and the working of health services.

48
Q

What impacts long term changes in mortality rates?

A

The historical use of epidemiology traced changes in rates of disease from early in this century to the present. Dramatic changes in morbidity and mortality rates were noted. Pre-dictions of future trends in health status incorporate population dynamics or shifts in the demographic composition of populations. Operations research and program evaluation are examples of using epidemiologic methods to improve healthcare services.

49
Q

Descriptive epidemiology

A

Epidemiologic studies that are concerned with characterizing the amount and distribution of health and disease within a population.

50
Q

Characteristics of person, place and time and how they are associated with the distribution of health outcomes

A

The category person encompasses who is being affected: young versus old? males versus females? rich versus poor? migrants versus nonmigrants? more educated versus less educated? Place relates to where the problem is occurring: in cities more than in rural areas? some states more than others? in the United States versus other counties? at high altitudes versus low altitudes? where there is plentiful rainfall or little rainfall? in polluted areas more than unpolluted areas? Time refers to when the problem is occurring:

51
Q

Crude rates, advantages and disadvantages

A

A crude rate should be used with caution in making comparative statements about disease frequencies in populations. Observed differences between populations in crude rates of disease may be the result of systematic factors within the populations rather than true variations in rates. Systematic differences in sex or age distributions would affect observed rates. To correct for factors that may influence the make-up of popula-tions and in turn influence crude rates, one may construct specific and adjusted rates.

52
Q

Birth rate calculation

A

number of briths/total population times 1,000

53
Q

Crude death rate calculation

A

Number of deaths/total population times 1,000

54
Q

Cause-specific mortality rate calculation

A

number of deaths for a specific cause/total population times 100,000

55
Q

Importance of marital status

A

married individuals, especially men, have lower rates of morbidity and mortality than those who are single, divorced, or widowed. Also, data suggest that among older women, divorce and separation are associated with adverse health outcomes such as physical impairments.

Epi (1 decks)

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