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Phonetics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define pragmatics

A

language use within a communicative context

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2
Q

define semantics. includes what?

A

meaning of words - CONTENT

includes vocab and basic concepts

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3
Q

define syntax

A

organizational rules that specify word order, sentence organization, and word relationships

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4
Q

define morphology. includes what?

A

rules that govern change in meaning at the intraword level.

includes free morphemes (whole, real words - root words) and bound morphemes (prefixes and suffxes)

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5
Q

What areas of language fall under form, content, and use?

A

form - syntax, morphology, phonology
content - semantics
use - pragmatics

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6
Q

define phonology (2)

A

1) the study of sound systems of language

2) SYSTEMATIC ORGANIZATION of speech sounds in production of language

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7
Q

phonology includes what two things

A

the structure & function of sounds in languages

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8
Q

explain what structure means in phonology.

Give ex/

A

syllable shapes - ex/ CV, CCV, etc.

how phonemes can combine - ex/ can’t have /fs/ at the beginning of a word

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9
Q

explain what function means in phonology

A

referring to the function of the phoneme
Ex/ /s/ can function as a morpheme (stacks - /s/ at end changes meaning, means plural of stack. But /s/ at beginning doesn’t carry any meaning)

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10
Q

phonetics is the study of what?

A

the perception and production of speech sounds

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11
Q

phonetics is one portion of what?

A

phonology

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12
Q

subdisciplines of phonetics

A

articulatory, acoustic, clinical

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13
Q

what is clinical phonetics? Give ex/

A

phonetics as it applies to disorders (treatment)

Ex/ don’t want to use the word hose when working on /s/ phoneme

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14
Q

historical phonetics studies?

A

sound changes in word

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15
Q

when did the great vowel shift occur? give examples

A

between 13th and 17th century. used to pronounce bite as beet & beet as bate

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16
Q

define vowel

A

a speech sound that is formed WITHOUT significant constriction of the oral and pharyngeal cavities

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17
Q

a vowel serves as what?

A

a syllable nucleus. CANNOT have a syllable without a vowel

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18
Q

are vowels voiced or voiceless? vowels determine what?

A

voiced

determine vocal quality & dialect

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19
Q

4 dimensions of vowel classification

A

1) tongue height
2) tongue advancement
3) tension
4) lip configuration (rounding)

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20
Q

define tongue height

A

vertical position of the tongue body

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21
Q

define tongue advancement

3 descriptions of tongue advancement

A

where a vowel falls in the anterior-posterior dimension of the oral cavity
- front, central back

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22
Q

define tension in regards to vowel production

2 terms that can describe it

A

the degree of muscle activity involved in vowel articulation and to the duration of the vowel (huh??)
- tense and lax

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23
Q

tense vowels v. lax vowels

A

tense - greater muscle activity and longer duration. can occur in stressed open and closed syllables
lax - cannot occur in stressed OPEN syllables but do occur in stressed CLOSED syllables (ex/ hit, book, nut)

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24
Q

General categories of vowels that are rounded and those that arent

A

front vowels are NOT

some of back and central are

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25
Q

lip configuration - rounded v. undrounded

A

rounded - lips in a pursed and protruded state

unrounded - formed w/o pursing and protrusion

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26
Q

study classification of all of the front, back, and central vowels (on written notecards)

A

study

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27
Q

explain tongue placement for back vowels

A
  • tongue bulk = in back position

- tip = remains at level of lower teeth

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28
Q

name the only UNROUND back vowel

A

/a/

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29
Q

explain why dipthongs are used

A

sometimes it’s necessary to emphasize the movement from one articulatory position to another, and this requires more than one symbol

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30
Q

define monopthong

give ex/

A

one vowel - one simple vowel sounds (ex/ the 8 front & back vowel that can’t be dipthongs)

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31
Q

define dipthong

A

combination of two simple vowels that blend into one phoneme

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32
Q

which front and back vowels can also be considered a dipthong?

A

front - /e/ can be /eI/

back - /o/ can be /o + horseshoe/

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33
Q

how does the length of dipthongs relate to that of simple vowels?

A

they tend to be 1.5 times the length of simple vowels = LONGER

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34
Q

Explain how dipthongs are produced (3)

A

1) emphasis begins on first vowel and slides to second
2) stronger vowel to weaker vowel (on-glide to off-glide)
3) major stress on FIRST vowel

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35
Q

define phonemic dipthong

A

both simple vowels are necessary to produce a unique sound

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36
Q

define nonphonemic dipthong

Which dipthongs are nonphemic?

A

can be reduced to one phoneme w/o changing meaning

- eI, and o + horseshoe

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37
Q

what is the least frequently occurring VOWEL sound?

A

/backwards C + capital I/ = the “oy” sound

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38
Q

Where are central vowels produced?

A

midway between front and back vowels (DUH)

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39
Q

American English is a _______ language

A

reduced vowel

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40
Q

for central vowels, ____ symbols represent _____ sounds

Why?

A

4, 2

- the symbols vary based on stress

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41
Q

What is the most commonly occurring VOWEL sound?

A

the schwa - upside down e - uhhhh sound used in syllables that do not have primary stress

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42
Q

define and explain physiological phonetics

A 
function of speech organs when speaking
- what our speech organs do to produce each sound
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43
Q

______ carry most acoustic weight

A

vowels

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44
Q

acoustic phonetics includes what sort of topics?

A

frequency, intensity, & duration of consonants/vowels

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45
Q

what is perceptual phonetics?

Give ex/

A

a listener’s perception of speech sounds (loudness, pitch, quality)
Ex/ her voice sounds hissy, breathy, etc.

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46
Q

define experimental phonetics

A

laboratory study of physiological, acoustic, & perceptual phonetics

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47
Q

what is clinical phonetics?

A

the study & transcription of speech sounds

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48
Q

the word “phonetics” derived from what word? What does this word mean?

A

phone

- any sound produced by the human vocal tract

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49
Q

define phoneme

A

basic sound segment that has the LINGUISTIC FUNCTION of distinguishing morephemes

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50
Q

Explain the international phonetic alphabet (3)

A

1) used to transcribe or pronounce any language
2) one symbol used for each sound
3) 44 phonemes are represented by 26 alphabetic symbols w/ 251 orthographic correspondances

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51
Q

explain the sounds of orthographic writing

A

1) one sound represents many different spellings (allograph) - tea, tee
2) same letter represents many different sounds - women, woman
3) two letters represent one sound (diagraph)
4) silent letters that represent no sounds at al
5) sounds are heard but not presented with a letter - music cute

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52
Q

define diagraph & give ex/

A

when two letters represent one sound

ex/ shOE, mEEt

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53
Q

define allograph & give ex/

A

when one sound represents (is represented by?) many different spelllings
ex/ /e/ sound - yAY, stAIn, wEIGH
/r/ sound - Right, WRite, RHombus

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54
Q

define coarticulation

give ex/

A

when the production of a sound is influenced by other sounds around it (it’s influenced by its PHONETIC CONTEXT)
ex/ zoo - lips are are already starting to round before you say it in anticipation for the /u/ sound
zeel - /i/ sound is further back in the mouth so the /z/ sound sounds different

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55
Q

how formal/casual expressions relate to coarticulation

A
  • we reduce stress with slang

What are you doing? = Whatcha doin?

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56
Q

define morpheme

morphemes can be what?

A

smallest unit of language that carries a semantic interpretation
- stems, endings for plurals, verb tenses, suffixes & prefixes

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57
Q

define free morpheme

A

can stand alone and carry meaning - root words

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58
Q

define bound morpheme

A

carry no meaning when they stand alone, “bound” to other words

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59
Q

define metaphonology

- give simpler description

A

awareness of speech/language as a system with specific rules to combine sounds and words
- the ability to think about sounds/syllables distinct from meaning

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60
Q

4 things that fall under metaphonology

A

1) speaking stream of sounds can be divided into words
2) words can be divided into sounds
3) we group words according to common sounds
4) we judge the grammaticality of a sentence

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61
Q

example of using metaphonological skills

A

ability to separate the list of words into a group that couldn’t be real words and a group that can
***the rules of language we know w/o really thinking about it

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62
Q

5 reasons why we need phonetics

A

1) to have a universal way of accurately transcribing sounds
2) to plan effective therapy
3) write accurate reports on children whose speech is unintelligible
4) evaluate children whose parents wonder if they are developing speech normally
5) professional singers, actors (who want to learn dialect)

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63
Q

define minimal pair

A

words that vary by 1 phoneme (in the same word position)

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64
Q

examples of minimal pairs

A

look/book, hear/beer, through/brew, clip/click

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65
Q

define allophone

A

one of the sound variants/alternates within a phoneme (family)

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66
Q

What’s significant about an allophone?

A

it DOES NOT change the meaning of the word

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67
Q

ex/ of allophone

A

light /l/ lamp vs dark /l/ feel

- still understand the meaning either way

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68
Q

what do you do with an aspirated sound?

A

you blow out a puff of air when producing it

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69
Q

give ex/ of aspirated vs. unaspirated sounds.

What are these examples of?

A

/p/ at beginning = aspirated - pie, peach
/p/ in blend = unaspirated - spit
/p/ at end = unaspirated - top
***These are examples of allophones. For ex/ you don’t usually aspirate the /p/ at the end of “top,” but if you did, it wouldn’t change the meaning of the word

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70
Q

4 things that fall under allophones

A

1) phonetic context
2) complementary distribution
3) aspiration/unaspiration
4) free variation

71
Q

phonetic context and complementary distribution in terms of allophones refers to what?
give ex/

A

when how we produce the sound varies because of the other letters in words
keep v. could - the /k/ sound is produced differently based on the vowel that follows it

72
Q

explain free variation

give ex/

A

when phonetic context DOES NOT affect how a word is produced

ex/ in the word hit, the /h/ & /I/ sounds don’t affect how we produce the /t/

73
Q

3 ways to classify consonants

A

place of articulation
manner of articulation
voicing

74
Q

define place of articulation

explain simpler

A

point of contact or near contact of the active and passive articulators in producing speech sounds
- WHERE a sound is formed

75
Q

define manner of articulation

explain simpler

A

the resultant perceptual character of articulated speech sounds
- HOW a sound is formed

76
Q

what does voicing explain

A

whether or not the vfs are vibrating

77
Q

list all of the places of articulation

A

bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal

78
Q

define obstruents

A

consonants made with the vocal tract airflow partially IMPEDED so that TURBULENCE is produced, or completely blocked

79
Q

define sonorants

A

a sound produced with an UNOBSTRUCTED vocal tract, including vowels and some consonants

80
Q

list all the manners of articulation under their categories

A

obstruents - stops, fricatives, affricates

sonorants - nasals, liquids, glides

81
Q

is formed by a complete closure of the vocal tract, so that airflow ceases temporarily and air pressure builds up behind the point of closure

A

stop

82
Q

produced with a complete oral closure, but with an open velopharynx, so that voicing energy travels out through the nose

A

nasals

83
Q

a vowel-like consonant in which voicing energy passes through a vocal tract that is constricted only somewhat more than vowels

A

liquids

84
Q

glides aka?

A

semivowels

85
Q

has a vocal tract constriction somewhat narrower than that for vowels, and is characterized by a gliding motion of the articulators form a partly constricted state to a more open state for the following vowel

A

glides - huh???

86
Q

define cognate

A

a consonant sound that has the same place and manner but one sound is voiced and the other is voiceless

87
Q

explain the stop articulation summary (4)

A

1) the oral cavity is completely CLOSED at some pt for a brief interval
2) the velopharynx is closed
3) upon release of the stop closure, a burst of noise is typically heard
4) closing & opening movements = FAST

88
Q

List all of the stops.

If there are any cognates, list them as cognates. Also, indicate PLACE of articulation

A

/p,b/ - bilabial
/t,d/ - alveolar
/k,g/ - velar

89
Q

list all of the fricatives.
If there are any cognates, list them as cognates.
Also, indicate PLACE of articulation

A 
/f,v/ - labiodental    
/voiceless th, voiced th/ - interdental 
 /s,z/ - alveolar
/voiceless sh, voiced sh/ - palatal
 /h/ - glottal
90
Q

list all of the affricates
If there are any cognates, list them as cognates.
Also, indicate PLACE of articulation

A

/voiceless ch, voiced ch/j sound/ - palatal

91
Q

list all of the nasals
If there are any cognates, list them as cognates.
Also, indicate PLACE of articulation

A

/m/ - bilabial
/n/ - alveolar
/ng sound/ - velar
*NO COGNATES - all voiced

92
Q

list all of the glides
If there are any cognates, list them as cognates.
Also, indicate PLACE of articulation

A

/w/ - bilabial
/j/ - palatal
*NO COGNATES - both voiced

93
Q

list all of the liquids
If there are any cognates, list them as cognates.
Also, indicate PLACE of articulation

A

/l/ - alveolar
/r/ - palatal
*NO COGNATES - both voiced

94
Q

make sure to study the COMMON SPELLINGS

A

study

95
Q

make sure to study the PHYSIOLOGIC DESCRIPTION of the consonants

A

have Josh quiz

96
Q

understand the intervocalic /t/ and alveolar flap - look up more info in the book

A

look it up

97
Q

give fricatives articulation summary (3)

A

1) articulators form a NARROW CONSTRICTION through which airflow is channeled and AIR PRESSURE increases in the chamber behind the constriction
2) As air flows through the opening, a CONTINUOUS friction noise is generated
3) CLOSED velopharynx - cuz air must go through oral cavity for effective noise

98
Q

give affricates articulatory summary (2)

A

1) combination of a stop closure & and fricative segment, with the frication noise closely following the stop portion
2) velopharynx closed

99
Q

give glides articulation summary (4)

A

1) constricted state = narrower than vowel, but wider than stops and fricatives
2) articulators make a GRADUAL GLIDING motion from constricted segment to more open configuration for following vowel
3) velopharynx closed (almost always)
4) sound energy passes through the mouth, in a fashion SIMILAR TO VOWELS

100
Q

give nasals articulation summary (3)

A

1) oral tract COMPLETELY CLOSED
2) VP port is OPEN to permit sound to travel through nasal cavities
3) Even if oral closure is broken, sound may continue to travel through nose as long as velopharynx remains open

101
Q

give liquids articulation summary (3)

A

1) sound energy from the vfs is directed through a DISTINCTIVELY SHAPED oral passage, one that can be held INDEFINITELY for sustained production of the sound, if required
2) velopharynx closed
3) oral passageway is narrower than that of vowels, but wider than stops, fricatives, and nasals

102
Q

what/s the onset?

do all syllables have it?

A

all consonants that preceed a a vowel

- NO: some syllables have no onset

103
Q

what’s the rhyme made up of?

A

nucleus & coda

104
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

vowel that carries the weight that makes it a syllable. Also includes syllabic consonants
ex/ spl(I)t, tr(IE)d, f(a)st

105
Q
  • study rhyme, nucleus, and coda in book.
  • Also, open v. closed syllables
  • count syllables
A

study

106
Q

what is a syllable?

A

a unit of sound that contains one vowel sound

107
Q

a word with 3 vowel sounds has ____ syllables

A

3

108
Q

the vowel sound in a syllable may be (3)

A

1) stand alone (eye)
2) preceded by one or more consonants (try)
3) be followed by one or more consonants (each)

109
Q

define syllabication

A

the process of dividing a word into syllables

110
Q

every syllable has only ________, but what?

A

one vowel sound, but not every vowel has a sound

111
Q

without a vowel….?

a vowel can ______as a syllable

A

there is no syllable

stand alone

112
Q

In the English language, one syllable is generally?

A

more stressed than the other syllbles

113
Q

the stressed syllable is ________ than any other syllable in the world?
- Can appear where?

A
  • longer, louder, and higher in pitch

- in beginning, middle, or end of word

114
Q

general pattern of stress for 2 syllable words

A

usually have stress on first syllable

115
Q

patters of stress in bisyllable nouns

give ex/

A

stress on first syllable

ex/ CONtest as noun. conTEST as verb

116
Q

patter of stress on bisyllable verb

give ex/

A

stress on 2nd syllable

ex/conDUCT as verb. CONduct as noun

117
Q

when 2 syllable word is a verb and/or an adjective, _______ is usually stressed

  • give ex/
  • if root is second?
A
  • cover, gather

- if root is 2nd, then 2nd syllable is stressed (complete, extinct)

118
Q

the vowel sound in unstressed syllables tends to be ________ and is usually represented by ______

A

short in duration

- schwa or what???

119
Q

stress depends on what two things?

A

a syllable’s importance and the degree of emphasis being put upon it

120
Q

misplacement of stress = ?

A

misunderstanding

121
Q

less important words get _____ stress

A

less

122
Q

explain the 3 levels of stress

A

primary: strongest and most prominent
secondary: less prominent than primary stress
weak: least prominent syllable in an utterance

123
Q

with stressed syllables, what receives the major emphasis? how does this sound compare to that of other syllables?

A
  • vowel receives major emphasis
  • vowel sound in a stressed syllable = longer than vowel sounds in unstressed syllables
    ex/ preTEND, SYllable, dePARture
124
Q

in english, what’s significant about unaspirated phonemes? give ex.
this means that aspiration/unaspiration falls under?

A

they’re never at the beginning of a word.
ex/ pit is aspirated
- complementary distribution

125
Q

speech is controlled by the action of ______ muscles located where?

A

over 100

- chest, abdomen, neck, and head

126
Q

3 systems involved in speech

A

respiratory, laryngeal, supralaryngeal

127
Q

respiratory system serves as?

A

POWER SOURCE

128
Q

respiratory system composed of?

A

trachea, bronchi, lungs, rib cage, diaphragm and associated muscles

129
Q

3 things respiration does

A

1) provides body with oxygen
2) carries away CO2
3) provides energy source for speech

130
Q

how does the respiratory system help with air for speech?

A

the muscles of the RS release air into the larynx and supralaryngeal system for the purpose of generating speech

131
Q

respiratory muscles control?

A

airflow

132
Q

laryngeal system serves as?

A

SOUND SOURCE

133
Q

how does the laryngeal system work?

A

air from lungs travels up through larynx where voice is produced (or not!)

134
Q

larynx location

A

on top of trachea

135
Q

inside larynx are? define

A

vocal folds

- thin pieces of muscle which are capable of vibrating when closed

136
Q

sypralaryngeal system is what?

A

quality and sound PRODUCTION source

137
Q

suralaryngeal system location?

consists of?

A

above the larynx

3 major air cavities (pharyngeal, oral, nasal)

138
Q

explain the quality portion of sup.laryngeal system

A

direction of sound travel is determined by the position of the velum or soft palate

139
Q

list the movable articulators (7)

A

larynx, pharynx, lips, cheeks, tongue, velum/soft palate, mandible

140
Q

cheeks function

A

stability to sides of oral cavity

141
Q

larynx function

A

provides closure for certain phonemes (raises)

142
Q

lips function

A

used for lip rounding, protrusion, retraction

143
Q

mandible function

A

increase or decrease the size of the oral cavity & facilitates tongue elevation

144
Q

pharynx funtion

A

used to close off nasal cavity

145
Q

what is the velum/soft palate?

A

back portion of roof of mouth

146
Q

most important & mobile articulator?

A

tongue

147
Q

tongue divisions

A

tip, blade,body, dorsum, root

148
Q

list the passive (immovable) articulators

A

alveolar ridge, hard palate, teeth

149
Q

what is alveolar ridge?

A

rough bony surface behind teeth

150
Q

what is hard palate? separates?

A

roof of mouth

- separates oral and nasal cavities

151
Q

teeth used in?

A

articulation of various phonemes when connected with tongue

152
Q

3 speech systems would be useless w/o?

A

brain - sends impulses to muscles of respiration

153
Q

why is hearing mechanism impt for speech?

A

feedback by bone and air conduction

154
Q

most common consonant sound
second most common
third

A

t
n
r

155
Q

define broad transcription

- explain in simpler terms

A

vowels and consonants used in English language (including central vowels, dipthongs)
- knowing all different English symbols and being able to transcribe words

156
Q

define narrow transcription

give some examples

A

includes allophonic variations - phonetic variant of phoneme (in same phoneme class)

  • aspirated/unaspirated, diacritic marks
  • suprasegmental features (pitch, stress)
157
Q

define syllabic

A

sounds that can function as the nucleus of a syllable

158
Q

phonemes that can function as syllabics

A

vowels

- m, n, ng, l, r

159
Q

rule for syllabics

A

vowels can be syllabics in stressed AND unstressed syllables

- consonants can ONLY function as syllabics in the unstressed syllable of a 2 or more syllable word

160
Q

a diacritic is used to do what?

A

to transform the consonants into syllabics

161
Q

what is the syllabic of /r/? so?

A

unstressed ‘er’ so no diacritic is used

162
Q

syllabic consonants result from?

A

loss of the preceding vowel. vowel actually becomes part of the syllabic

163
Q

because the diacritic replaces _______, no vowel will be found? (2)

A

preceding vowel

1) before a syllabic
2) in the same syllable as a syllabic

164
Q

what syllables USUALLY bear a homorganic relationhip with preceding consonant in same syllable?

A

m, n, ng

165
Q

what is a homorganic relationship?

A

they must be made with the same (close) articulators as the sound before

166
Q

if /m/ is used as syllabic, what will precede it?

A

p,b

167
Q

if /n/ is used as syllabic, what will precede it?

A

t,d,s,z

168
Q

if ng used as syllabic, what will precede it?

A

k, g

169
Q

what can precede unstressed er and /l/ if used as syllabics?

A

most consonants

170
Q

if /t/ comes before syllabic /l/ or unstressed /er/ what happens?

A

tends to be pronounced as intervocalic t - battle, batter

171
Q

before syllabic /n/, /t/ will become?

A

a glottal stop - upside down question mark thing

172
Q

voiced sh doesn’t occur?

A

in initial position

173
Q

least common consonant

A

voiced sh

174
Q

h doesn’t occur?

A

in final position

Phonetics (3 decks)

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