Exam 1 (2)

Question 1

Deception

Answer 1

False communication that tends to benefit the communicator

Question 2

What’s wrong with this definition ton of deception?: An act that is intended to foster in another person a belief or understating which the deceiver considers false.

Answer 2

-Saying deception must be intentional and conscious
-Saying only humans can really deceive- not true

Question 3

Why is deception so common and why do we deceive?

Answer 3

-Sometimes it pays off in resources and mates
-Sometimes it benefits us

Question 4

As deception evolved, so did deception detection

Answer 4

-Coevolution
-Deception —> increased benefits to deceiver —> detect deception —> increase cost to deceiver —> deception …
—Cycle

Question 5

Can we accurately detect lies?

Answer 5

The idea that we can accurately detect lies and that people give away a behavioral indicator is generally false

Question 6

Cues/behavioral indicators of deception

Answer 6

In study, most indicators were weak to nonexistent

Question 7

Cognitive deception techniques

Answer 7

-Truth tellers get angrier if you call them a liar
-Truth tellers have richer spatial recollections
-Truth tellers find it less mentally taxing to tell their stories in reverse
—Cognitive load

Question 8

Why are detectives not great deception detectors?

Answer 8

-Deception detection is difficult
-Training
-More susceptible to confirmation bias

Question 9

Polygraphs

Answer 9

-Blood pressure polygraph- Dr. William Marston
-Blood pressure and breathing polygraph- Dr. John Augustus Larson
—Developed standardized approached to using polygraph

Question 10

Modern polygraphs

Answer 10

-Assess- blood pressure, breathing, pulse, and skin conductivity
-Used by police in investigations
-Used by most federal and state agencies for hiring

Question 11

Relevant-irrelevant test (RIT)- Larson

Answer 11

-“Did you kidnap Samantha?”
-“Is the sky blue?”

Question 12

Comparison question test (CQT)

Answer 12

-“Did you kidnap Samantha?”
-“Have you ever lied to get out of trouble”
-Liars should respond more strongly to crime relevant questions
-Truth tellers should respond more strongly to the comparison questions or there will be little difference

Question 13

Positive comparison test (PCT)

Answer 13

-“Did you kidnap Samantha?”
-“Did you kidnap Samantha?”
-Uses crime relevant question as own comparison (asked twice)

Question 14

RIT, CQT, and PCT all rely on…

Answer 14

Relative arousal

Question 15

Advantages of polygraphs

Answer 15

-Relatively cheap
-Potentially used as bogus pipeline
-If they worked, could rule out a suspect
-If they worked, could confirm suspicions of detectives

Question 16

Disadvantages of polygraphs

Answer 16

-Not free
-Can be used to illicit false confessions
-If they think you have been deceptive then it will convince them of guilt
-Not highly accurate

Question 17

Polygraph research

Answer 17

-Claims 90-99% accuracy
-Inflated rates
-Doesn’t have strong predictive abilities (assumptions)

Question 18

Guilty knowledge test (GKT)

Answer 18

-Guilty person will recognize something from the crime (more arousal) but an innocent person will not
-“What color dress was the victims wearing when she was murdered? Black? Red? Blue? Green? Purple?”
-Most promising polygraph technique to be studied
-Limitation- true recognition will also look the same as false recognition
—Ex. If a husband comes home and sees his wife murdered he will know facts about the crime scene too but it doesn’t make him guilty

Question 19

Polygraphs and law

Answer 19

-Jurors self-report that they like polygraphs
-Polygraph evidence rarely used in court
-23+ states banned them in courts
-Admissibility determined case to case

Question 20

Polygraphs in other settings

Answer 20

-Private employers cannot use polygraphs to hire people
—Polygraph Protection Act of 1988
-Public employers allowed to use polygraph to screen applicants
—Police, CIA, FBI, etc

Question 21

Cognitive load

Answer 21

-Lying is more cognitively demanding than telling the truth
-Strategies for lie detection
—Insisting on eye contact
—Require reverse storytelling
—Asking for spatial info through drawing

Question 22

Brain based deception detection- EEG

Answer 22

Measures the summed graded potentials from many thousands of neurons (pyramidal neurons), orientated perpendicularly to the scalp within about 4 cm

Question 23

Event-related potentials (ERPs)

Answer 23

-Type of EEG technique
-Complex electroencephalographic waveforms related in time to a specific sensory event
-To get a “clear” measure of the event- stimulus is presented repeatedly —> responses are averaged

Question 24

P-300/P3b

Answer 24

-Cognitive workload
-Memory processing
-Improbably events will elicit a P3b —> the less probable the event, the larger the P3b amplitude

Question 25

P3/P3a

Answer 25

-Attentional orienting -Engagement of attention (orienting, involuntary shifts or changes in the environment) and the processing of novelty

Question 26

P-300 wave

Answer 26

Brain wave that indicates cognitive processing and is measured using an EEG

Question 27

Braid based deception detection- functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer 27

-Difference in magnetic properties of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin -Subtraction method to get the activity in the brain just associated with the thing we are interested in —Stimulation - control = difference

Question 28

Typical fMRI study

Answer 28

-2 conditions- lie and truth -Compare BOLD (blood oxygenation level dependent) signals

Question 29

fMRI findings

Answer 29

-Network of parietal-frontal areas more engaged when lying —Lying requires more effort -Limbic areas also correlated with lying

Question 30

fMRI problems

Answer 30

-Activation of parieto-frontal and limbic areas doesn’t mean someone has lied -Not everyone shows the same neural response to lying -Where are the cutoffs?