Exam 1 Flashcards
0
Q
What was x-ray originally known as?
A
Roentgen ray
1
Q
Who discovered x-ray?
A
Wilhelm Conrad Roentegen in 1895
2
Q
What was the first x-ray done of?
A
Bertha’s hand
3
Q
When was x-ray first introduced into chiropractic and by whom?
A
BJ palmer in 1910
4
Q
T/F all x-rays have predictable qualities
A
True
5
Q
Distance either…
a. reduces intensity
b. increases intensity
A
a
6
Q
What is the main cause of image distortion?
A
divergence
7
Q
T/F x-rays are stored in matter
A
false
8
Q
T/F x-rays cannot be focused, reflected or refracted
A
True
9
Q
What are the three things that are needed to give birth to an x-ray?
A
- source of electrons
- a way to accelerate them to a high speed
- a hard surface to stop them
10
Q
The three things necessary for an x-ray are included in what part of the tube?
a. tube
b. filter
c. collimator
d. grid
A
a
11
Q
What is the name of the device that limits the size of the x-ray beam?
A
callimator
12
Q
What is the purpose of the grid that is behind the patient?
A
stop the secondary waves
13
Q
put the following in order….
collimator, film, cassette, patient, screens, grid, tube, filter
A
tube, filter, collimator, patient, grid, cassette, screens, film
14
Q
__________ means producing x-ray images
A
radiography
15
Q
____________ interpreting x-ray images
A
radiology
16
Q
What type of radiation is produced with x-rays?
A
Electromagnetic energy
17
Q
EMR is typically measured in?
a. electron volts
b. hertz
c. meters
A
a
18
Q
EMR frequency is typically measured in?
a. electron volts
b. hertz
c. meters
A
b
19
Q
EMR wavelength is typically measured in?
a. electron volts
b. hertz
c. meters
A
c
20
Q
What is another name for photons?
A
quanta
21
Q
T/F EMR travels at the speed of light
have no mass
travel individually
A
T
T
F
22
Q
What are the two type of radiation that EMR is divided into?
A
ionizing and non-ionizing
23
Q
ionizing radiation usually has
a. long wave and low frequency
b. long wave and high frequency
c. short wave and low frequency
d. short wave and high frequency
A
d
24
Which type of radiation is harmful?
a. ionizing
b. non-ionizing
a
25
What is a beam limiting device of today?
Collimator
26
What is the purpose of the collimation?
limit size of primary beam
| limit secondary rays
27
What do secondary waves do to an x-ray?
causes graying and darkening
28
What is the purpose of a compensating filter?
attenuates the beam to lessen intensity to thinner parts
29
Where are portal filters usually found?
in front of the beam limiting device (callometer)
30
What are compensating filters usually made of?
aluminum and copper
31
A patients ID marker is required on the film before processing?
True
32
The name of the facility that took the x-ray should be included or the __________
Doctor responsible
33
What four things are required on an x-rays ID marker?
Name of the facility or the Drs name
Address of that facility
Name and/or identifying patient
Date of the study
34
What are four things that are not required to be ncluded on the x-ray but is nice to have?
sex
region x-rayed
view taken
date of birth
35
What is the best method to apply an ID marker to an x-ray?
flash on printer
36
ID markers are usually ________ and put on ________ or _______
lead; grid cabinet or cassette
37
On frontal and oblique projections R and L are put on __________
The patients right or left side
38
on lateral views an R or an L is placed on which side?
The side that is closest to the film
39
T/F When placing a marker on the patient, the upright position should be designated.
True
40
What kind of Marker tells R or L and recumbent or upright?
Mitchell
41
T/F markers should be included in the anatomy.
False
42
What should be done if an x-ray has no marker on it?
it may need to be retaken in order to make it legal
43
not electromagnetic but has ionizing ability...
particle radiation
44
particle radiation comes from what?
decay of a radioactive atoms nucleus
45
alpha and eta particles are more or less penetrating than x-ray
less
46
alpha and beta particles are more or less harmful than x-rays
more (when inhaled)
47
measuring ionizing radiation is known as...
dosimetry
48
what performs dosimetry?
dosimeter
49
How is ionizing radiation measured?
roentgen or coulombs
50
What does RAD stand for...
aka?
Radiation absorbed dose
Gray
51
how many rad units to 1 gray?
100
52
1/1000 of a rad is known as...
millirad
53
How are RADs normally used?
biological effects of radiation to specific organs and tissues
54
What does REM stand for?
aka
Radiation equivalent man
sievert
55
What is rem used for?
used for radiation detection in reporting exposure
56
dosimetry for workers is usually in the form of what?
film badges
57
What is not used with x-ray?
a. roentgen
b. RAD
c. REM
d. Curie
d
58
what are the sources of natural ionizing radiation?
cosmic
terrestrial
internal
59
What are the sources of man made radiation?
Diagnostic x-ray
nuclear medicine
Consumer products
Nuclear testing/reactors
60
what percentage of our yearly radiation exposure is made of background radiation?
82%
61
three important points about cosmic radiation
1. exposure from sun and stars
2. higher altitude increases exposure
3. increases further the latitude from the equator
62
terrestrial radiation is aka?
external terrestrial
63
Radon is a form of what type of radiation?
terrestrial
64
What are some sources of terrestrial radiation?
soil, rocks and mountains, brick wallboard and cement
65
55% of our total yearly radiation comes from what?
Terrestrial radiation
66
internal radiation comes from what?
nuclides
67
how do we get internal radiation?
ingested from food and water
68
what percentage of our yearly dose of radiation come from man made products?
18%
69
What is the largest source of manmade radiation?
Diagnostic x-ray
70
t/f
| long term effects f low levels of radiation are definitive.
false
71
What is the theory that any amount of x-ray exposure is harmful?
the linear theory
72
What are the types of radiation doses?
```
Whole body dose
skin entrance dose
organ dose
somatic dose
Genetic dose
fetal dose
stochastic somatic dose
deterministic somatic dose
protraction
fractionation
radiation hormesis
```
73
What is the more detrimental type of radiation exposure?
a. whole body
b. skin entrance
c. organ dose
d. somatic dose
whole body dose
74
T/F the deeper the tissue the less exposure
True, this is due to absorption
75
what are the symptoms of a somatic dose?
hair loss and erythema
76
What type of dose can cause damage to a future generation?
Genetic dose
77
T/F
| The patient is being irradiated when hit with genetic dose of radiation
false, future offspring
78
What are the greatest effects of genetic dose
leukemia and mutation
79
T/F
| A radiation physicist can calculate a fetal dose of radiation
True
80
a fetal exposure of up to ________ is not expected to cause any effects on the newborn
10 rads
81
What are stochastic somatic effects?
long term effects such as cancer and cataracts
82
radiotherapy and radioactive implants are examples of what?
protraction, low level continuously, effects are reduced
83
also used in radiotherapy, non continuous exposure to high doses reduces effects
fractionatioin
84
the apparent beneficial effects of radiation
radiation hormesis
85
T/F all radiation is harmful
false
86
T/F
| small-moderate doses of radiation may reduce infection and fatal malignancies and prolong life
true
87
200-1000 rads acute whole body
hematological syndrome
88
1000-5000 rads
gastrointestinal syndrome
89
5000 rads and over
central nervous system syndrome
90
What does ARS stand for?
Acute radiation syndrome
91
What are the stages of ARS?
1. Prodromal stage
2. Latent stage
3. Manifest stage
4. healing or death
92
What dose LD 50/60 mean?
Lethal does 50% of the time in 60 days
93
What is a humans lethal dose?
LD 50/60 of 350 rads without medical intervention
| LD 50/30 for us is 300 rads
94
Are x-rays stored in matter and make it radioactive?
no
95
What is the metal encasement around the tube?
Tube housing
96
What are the parts of the tube complex?
Tube support
glass tube
cathode
anode
97
the tube housing is lined with ________?
lead
98
What does the lead do that lines the tube housing?
prevent leakage or radiation
| protects the glass tube that is inside
99
What surrounds the tube in the tube housing?
what does it replace?
oil
air
100
what is the purpose of the oil in the tube housing?
dissipate heat (thermal insulator)
101
What is the opening in the tube housing called?
window or port
102
What are the parts of the tube support?
tube housing
tube arm
tube stand
tube track
103
What holds te tube housing in position?
Tube arm
104
What holds the tube arm and what is its purpose?
tube stand
allows the arm to move the tube vertically
105
What allows the tube travel horizontally?
tube track
106
What are the four ways that the tube track can be mounted?
floor mount
ceiling mount
floor-ceiling mount
C-arm (no track)
107
What holds the arm and stand in position?
Automatic locks
108
What contains the functional parts of the tube?
The glass tube
109
the glass tube has a _______ glass area for the window (_________ to penetrate)
a. thinner; difficult
b. thinner; easier
c. thicker; difficult
d. thicker; easier
b
110
what are the rays exiting the window called?
useful beam
111
The centermost ray is called?
Central ray
112
The central ray is __________ to the patient
a. perpendicular
b. parallel
a
113
The other rays that angle away from the central ray are known the __________
diverging rays
114
divergence of rays ____________ the more the central the beam
a. decrease
b. increase
a
115
The negative electrode is known as?
cathode
116
What is the electron producer?
cathode
117
what are the three functions of the cathode?
produces electrons
focuses electrons
propels electrons
118
What are the two parts of the cathode?
filament
| focusing cup
119
What is the filament of the cathode normally made of?
tungsten
120
What is the function of the filament?
withstand the heat
121
What heats the filament of the cathode?
a current
122
how is the current produced in the cathode?
by the filament or milliamperage circuit
123
When heated electrons from the tungsten are boiled of it is called...
thermionic emission
124
how is the amount of electrons controlled?
by the current
125
What does the number of electrons formed control
the number of x-rays
126
What is the cloud of electrons around the filament called?
a space charge
127
most cathodes have 2 filaments, small and large, this is called?
the small produces
the larger produces
dual focus tube
clearer images
less clear image(handles more heat)
128
what is the indentation that a filament sits in?
focusing cup
129
What is the focusing cups function?
consolidates the electron cloud
130
what propels electrons across the tube
an electrical current
131
what propels electrons across the tube?
an electrical current
132
What is the positive electrode?
anode
133
what does the anode produce?
photons
134
What are the 3 functions of the anode?
Stops electrons thus produces x-rays
dissipates heat
conducts electricity
135
the anode stops electrons and thus produces x-rays, what percentage of x-rays make up these
What makes up the rest?
1%
99% heat
136
What are the 3 parts of the anode?
some machines don't contain what part
target,stem and rotor
rotor
137
What is the anode made of?
tungsten
138
X-rays are emitted from...
the focal spot
139
What does a dual focus tube contain?
small focal spot and large focal spot
140
What are the two types of focal spots
actual and effective focal spot
141
which focal spot is where the electons strike?
actual focal spot
142
What focal spot do photons exit?
effective focal spot
143
What do large spot produce?
What does the small spot produce?
penumbra (unclear borders)
umbra (clear borders)
144
What are the functions of the stem?
holds the target and conducts heat away from it
145
what is the stem made out of?
copper
146
What are the 2 types of anodes?
stationary anode and rotation anode
147
What is the angle of the anode called?
What is the purpose of it?
anode angle
dissipate heat
148
What anode is used for small exposures?
stationary anode
149
Which anode has the greater angle?
a. stationary anode
b. rotating anode
Which is more effective at dissipating heat
a
b
150
What is the sound that is heard before an exposure?
the rotor rotating the anode
151
What is another name for the focal spot
focal track
152
Which makes clearer images
a. larger angles
b. smaller angles
b
153
What the line focus principle?
smaller angles produce clearer images than larger ones
154
Which is up? the anode or the cathode for a full spine
the anode
155
What is the interaction of an incoming electron with a target nucleus called
bremstrahlung radiation
156
What happens when an electron course is changed
the electron loses energy
157
the energy lost when an electron changes course is converted into?
an x-ray
make up the majrity (85%) of the x-ray beam
158
What shell does the incoming electron hit?
The K shell
159
What does filtration do?
reduces patient exposure
160
What are the two type of tube filtration?
inherent and added
161
Filtration __________ the beam intensity
attenuates
162
What does filtration eliminate?
soft rays
163
What do soft rays do?
increases the skin entrance and organ dose
164
what is soft rays measured in?
measured in aluminum thickness, this allows hard rays to get through
165
the amount of material needed to reduce the beam intensity by half
half value layer
166
what is half value layer used for
filtration recommendation and regulations
167
The enter of the beam is shown by horizontal and vertical lines, this is called_________________
cross hairs
168
What are the three basic type of collimation?
What are positive beam limitations?
manual
semiautomatic
automatic
semiautomatic
automatic
169
it the tube is too high or the film is too low where is the cut-off
the bottom
170
if the tube is too low or the film is too high the cut off is where?
at the top
171
What does filtration do?
improves the quality of the film
172
Where are portal filters placed?
on the front of the beam limiting device
173
what are portal filters normally made of?
aluminium, or copper
174
what kind of filter would be used to taper off an image?
a wedge filter
175
which filter exposes the patient to unneeded exposure?
underpart filter
176
Machine come with what to prevent tube failure?
What is used to make calculations?
a tube rating and tube cooling charts
heat units
177
how do you warm up your x-ray?
use 2 low exposure (low kV, short time and medium mA, double for second exposure)
178
how many volts and amps are traditionally in a generator?
220 Volts and 100 Amps
179
What changes incoming current?
transformers
180
A high voltage transformer convert volt to ___________
kilovolts
181
A high voltage transformer is also known as...
step up transformer or high voltage circuit
182
a filament circuit converts amps to ___________
milliamps (mA)
183
a filament circuit is also called a...
filament transformer
low voltage circuit
step down transformer
184
What do rectifiers to?
change current from AC to DC
185
why is alternating current not good for x-rays?
move current in both directions, a reverse in electrons would destroy the cathode
186
rectifiers are aka
diodes
187
which is more efficient?
a. half wave rectification
b. full wave rectification
b, sends two positive pulses
188
how is the kV set
kilovolt peak
189
The build up of kV to the peak and the return to 0 is known as what?
ripple
190
what type of generator has 1 line source and a maximum ripple?
single phase generators
191
What are the three types of generators?
single phase
3 phase
high frequency
192
which type of generator has virtually no ripple?
high frequency generators
193
What does a timer circuit do?
controls the length of exposure
194
what kinds of timers on timer circuits are there?
synchronous, electronic, mAs and automatic exposure control
195
which timer has photocells?
automatic exposure control
196
What are the four primary factors controlling x-ray exposure?
Kilovoltage peak (kVp)
mlliamperage (mA)
length of time of exposure
distance of the tube from the receptor (film)
197
increasing the kVp does what to the film?
darkens it
198
increasing the mA does what to the film?
darkens the film
199
increasing time of exposer does what to the film
darkens it
200
the distance of thtube from the receptor (film) influences x-ray exposure, what are some other names that it is known by?
source-image distance and focal-film distance, occasionally target-film distance
201
what does increasing the distance from the film do to the film?
lightens
202
beam intensity ___________ with increased distance
decreases
203
What are the two standard distances away from the x-ray?
40 and 72"
204
mAs need at 72" is roughly how much more than at 40"?
3x
205
What are some secondary factors that influence x-ray exposure?
field size
| compensating filtration
206
T/F patient dose limit exists but it should be as low as possible
true
207
shields on the collimator are called?
shadow gonad shields
208
shields on the patient are called
contact gonad shields
209
full spine x-rays should be
a. P-A
b. A-P
P-A
210
T/F The younger the person the higher the metabolic rate and the less radiosensitive the person is
false
211
the ten day rule in regards to the safest time to x-ray females of childbearing years is obsolete
true
